A PANEL STUDY OF INCOME DYNAMICS: PROCEDURES AND TAPE CODES 1981 INTERVIEWING YEAR WAVE XIV A SUPPLEMENT Conducted under Contract with the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Department of Health, and Human Services, and with a Grant from the National Science Foundation Survey Research Center INSTITUTE FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN 1982 ii Preface This volume documents the fourteenth wave of data collected in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics interviews taken in 1981 on income for 1980. Volumes I and II of A Panel Study of Income Dynamics contain tape codes, indexes, available data, questionnaires and procedures specific to our first five years of data collection (1968-1972). These volumes also describe the early history of the study and some of the basic procedures that are common to all fourteen years of interviewing. Nine supplemental volumes, including this one, cover procedures, codes and questionnaires for Waves VI-XIV. We have now published nine volumes of analysis in the series called Five Thousand American Families--Patterns of Economic Progress. Volume X will be published this summer with support from the Sloan Foundation. It contains analyses of the new questions in the thirteenth wave of inter- views, monitors important trends in repeatedly measured variables, and con- tinues research started in previous volumes. Individual chapters discuss patterns of emergency help, effects of labor force withdrawals, effects of geographic mobility on the occupations and earnings of husbands and wives, racial differences in affluence, racial differences in rates of male labor force participation, the relationship of female household heads to long- term poverty, participation in the food stamp and SSI programs, the impact of price decontrol of heating fuel, response to increased gasoline prices and the impact of inflation on American households. There will, as usual, be a summary of research being carried out elsewhere using Panel Study data. As an economy measure due to diminished funding, the length of the 1982 questionnaire has been cut. We are asking no new questions and a few trend questions about things that don't change often have been eliminated temporarily. Funding for the fifteenth wave is provided by the National Science Foundation, the Sloan Foundation, the National Institute on Aging and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Staff Greg J. Duncan and James N. Morgan are the study's principal resear- chers. Others responsible include Sue Augustyniak, Joan Brinser, C. Gaye Burpee, Mary Corcoran, Linda Datcher, Anita Ernst, Peggy Gunnesch, Priscil- la Hildebrandt, Dan H. Hill, Martha S. Hill, Margaret Hoad, Michael Kaplan, Tecla Loup, Michael Ponza, and Anne Sears. We regret that Michael Nolte has left us to supervise data processing in a nearby school district and that after many years on the PSID staff, Charles Stallman has deserted us and the Michigan winters and moved to Hawaii. iii iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii Section I: Procedures for the 1981 Interviewing Year . . . . . 1 Part 1: New Questions, Interviewing Procedures, Occupation Codes, Independent Part Samples, Weights, Data Qual- ity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Part 2: 1981 Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Part 3: Editing Procedures and Worksheets . . . . . . . . . 9 Part 4: Coding Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Part 5: Generated Variables and Additional Data . . . . . . 18 Part 6: Data Available . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Part 7: Notes on Use of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Section II: Tape Codes for Wave XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Part 1: Fourteenth-Year Family Tape Code . . . . . . . . . . 25 Part 5: Index of the 1981 Employment Sections . . . . . . . 279 APPENDIX 1: STATE AND COUNTY CODES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Part 1. State and County Codes . . . . . . . . . . . 296 Part 2. Foreign Country Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 Part 3. Military Post Office Codes . . . . . . . . . 320 v vi SECTION I PROCEDURES FOR THE 1981 INTERVIEWING YEAR Part 1: New Questions, Interviewing Procedures, Occupation Codes, Independent Part Samples, Weights, Data Quality New Questions In the 1981 interview heads of families who had been unemployed at any time in 1980 or were currently unemployed, were asked an extensive series of new questions about their spells of unemployment. (See the 1981 ques- tionnaire in Part 2 of this section, questions C49-C79 and D26-D57.) Other new questions asked if the head (or wife) had suffered any ill- ness or injury in 1980 severe enough to require hospitalization over night or longer, or staying in bed at home for a day or more. Respondents who had been hospitalized were asked if the hospital costs were covered by in- surance or paid for out of their own pockets. (See questions K59-K71.) Interviewing Procedures A major innovation in 1981 was the use of an improved method of direct data entry coding. This procedure is described in detail later in this volume. Once it got underway, coding went very quickly and we expect that this system will save us time, and we hope money, in the future. Most of the interviewing was done by telephone by interviewers in the field. However, some problem interviews were eventually sent back to the Ann Arbor telephone interviewers who also made all the call backs for miss- ing information. Next year we plan to do more of the interviewing from Ann Arbor. Interviewing lasted from March through September but the bulk of it was completed by August 1st. We took 6620 interviews out of an estimated 6840 for an overall response rate of 96.8. Subtracting from the base the respondents who had died since the last interview, had moved into institutions where we were not able to interview them, were too ill to talk to us, or had gone back to being the wife in a reunited couple, raises the response rate to 97.7 per- cent. This includes interviews with 263 new splitoffs out of a possible 307 for a disappointing 85.7 percent response. For the reinterview panel only (again with the dead etc. subtracted from the base) the response rate was 98.3 percent. The average length of the 1981 interview was 26.5 minutes. We paid $10.00 for it--up $1.00 from last year--plus the usual $5.00 for returning the address correction post card. At present we have no plans to pay more than that. As of 1981 we have respondents in the District of Columbia and all the states except Montana and Vermont. Panel families also live in Puerto Rico and 14 foreign countries. 1 2 Occupation Codes In 1981 we started using the 1970 Census three-digit occupation and industry code for the main jobs of employed heads and wives. It was also used for the most recent jobs held by heads and wives who were currently unemployed and looking for work and for any job held in 1980 by a head or wife who was currently retired or no longer in the labor force. We con- tinued to use the Survey Research Center's two-digit occupation code for extra jobs held by a head or wife and for the kind of job they were hunting for if they were unemployed and looking for work. In order to be com- parable to past interviews, a one-digit occupation code was used in the new head section to code head's first job and head's father's occupation. Data Quality Ninety-two percent of the 1981 interviews were taken by telephone (Table 2). The remaining 10 percent of respondents have no telephones, or prefer personal interviews due to party lines or hearing difficulties, or live out of range of our interviewers and fill out their own question- naires. Every year a few more wives answer the questions for their hus- bands (Table 3). However, there is very little year to year variation in the number of assignments we have to make (Table 4), so the quality of the data, according to our measure of it, continues to be good. The response rate remained at 97 percent (Table 1). 3 Table 1 ANNUAL AND CUMULATIVE PANEL RESPONSE RATES* ______________________________________________________________________ ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Percent Year ------------------------------------------------- Annual Cumulative ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1968 76 76 1969 89 68 1970 97 66 1971 97 64 1972 97 62 1973 97 61 1974 97 59 1975 97 57 1976 96 55 1977 97 53 1978 97 51 1979 97 49 1980 97 48 1981 97 47 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- *The deceased, those too ill to be interviewed, and recombined families have not been removed from the base. 4 Table 2 PROPORTION OF INTERVIEWS BY TELEPHONE ______________________________________________________________________ ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Number of Unweighted Year Sample Size Telephone Percent of Interviews Sample ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1968 4,802 -- -- 1969 4,460 -- -- 1970 4,655 67 1.4 1971 4,840 108 2.2 1972 5,060 134 2.6 1973 5,185 4,047 76.6 1974 5,517 4,554 82.5 1975 5,725 4,836 84.5 1976 5,862 5,360 91.4 1977 6,007 5,040 83.9 1978 6,154 5,283 85.8 1979 6,373 5,635 88.4 1980 6,533 5,829 89.2 1981 6,620 6,081 91.9 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 Table 3 PROPORTION OF FAMILY HEADS INTERVIEWED _________________________________________________________________________ ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Proportion of Year Total Interviews Sample by Head ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1968 4,802 92.6 1969 4,460 93.1 1970 4,655 93.2 1971 4,840 93.3 1972 5,060 93.5 1973 5,285 91.1 1974 5,517 90.0 1975 5,725 88.3 1976 5,862 92.6 1977 6,007 90.0 1978 6,254 90.2 1979 6,373 88.5 1980 6,533 85.8 1981 6,620 84.3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 Table 4* TOTAL ACCURACY CODES ON HUSBAND AND WIFE INCOME VARIABLES ____________________________________________________________________ -------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 or Year of Data 0 1 2 3 More Total -------------------------------------------------------------------- 1968 94.0 2.5 2.6 0.2 0.8 100.0 1969 95.6 1.6 1.9 0.1 0.8 100.0 1970 96.9 1.3 1.3 0.1 0.5 100.0 1971 97.7 0.9 0.9 0.1 0.4 100.0 1972 97.8 0.8 1.1 0.0 0.3 100.0 1973 97.9 1.1 0.7 0.1 0.2 100.0 1974 98.2 0.9 0.7 0.0 0.2 100.0 1975 98.3 0.8 0.8 0.0 0.2 100.0 1976 97.0 1.2 1.6 0.1 0.2 100.0 1977 97.4 1.1 1.2 0.0 0.3 100.0 1978 97.4 0.7 1.3 0.1 0.5 100.0 1979 96.1 0.8 2.3 0.1 0.7 100.0 1980 95.8 0.8 2.4 0.2 0.8 100.0 1981 95.6 1.2 2.5 0.2 0.4 100.0 -------------------------------------------------------------------- *Table 4 is based on four variables: Accuracy of Head's Labor Income (V7574 + V7579) Accuracy of Wife's Labor Income (V7581) Accuracy of Asset Income of Head and Wife (V7589) Accuracy here is determined by the number of assignments made by the editors in order to recreate data missing from an interview. The more assignments, the less reliable the data. The accuracy code values and their meanings are: 0. Adequate response: No assignments made. 1. Minor assignment: Response was inadequate, but estimates could be made within a probable error of under $300 or 10 percent of the assignment by using previous years' data or other data in the interview. 2. Major assignment: Response was inadequate, and estimates had a probable error of at least $300 and at least 10 percent of the value of the assignment, using any information available 7 in previous interviews or in the current one. Usually these values were assigned from an assignment table. This table shows the sum of the accuracy codes for the three dif- ferent income measures. The maximum number possible here would be eight for married couples, six for single heads. 8 Independent Part Samples The use of part samples is suggested for separating the selection of a preferred model from the assessment of its stability and power. Simple random subsamples are not independent of the rest of the sample because of the clustered nature of area probability samples. Therefore, four in- dependent quarter-samples are designated in the code (V8100). How much of the sample should be reserved for statistical testing depends on how unsure one is about the best model and how important the estimation and testing of one optimal model is felt to be. For illustrations of the results of this separation of the searching from the assessing procedures, see the volumes of findings, Five Thousand American Families--Patterns of Economic Progress, Volume I, pp. 6-8 and pp. 342-344; Volume II, Chapter 9; and Volume IV, Chapter 2 (Survey Research Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan). There is also a code for use in defining paired strata or repeated replication of half-samples for computing sampling errors (V8101). See Chapter 17 of Vol. IX of Five Thousand American Families, and Section I, Part 5 in this volume. Weights The sample was reweighted in 1978. For a detailed description of how this was done, see A Panel Study of Income Dynamics 1978 Interviewing Year, Wave XI, page 6. This is a population weight for reducing bias in es- timates, not a variance weight for efficiency. Part 2: 1981 Questionnaire The 1981 questionnaire with variable numbers from the merged family tape was included in the original published documentation. It is not in- cluded in this machine readable version. You may obtain a paper version of the "1981 Questionnaire with Vari- able Numbers" by sending a request by e-mail to "psid.staff@umich.edu" or by US mail to Jean Yeung, 3263 ISR, University of Michigan, PO Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248. Part 3: Editing Procedures and Worksheets The editing process serves three main purposes: (1) accounting for all year-to-year changes in family membership, (2) rectifying discrepancies within the interview before coding, and (3) calculating and recording numeric data on the worksheets and interviews for coding. It is a compli- cated task requiring a high degree of accuracy, so each interview is checked by another editor. Each interview is screened for discrepancies requiring a return trip to the field. Family composition editing and occupation coding are the next step. Finally, the massive edit is done, and interviews are con- sidered "clean" for coding. The full array of past interviews is available to editors, though only the past year's interview is usually consulted to solve problems. They are used when the current interview is vague, contradictory, or incomplete despite previous attempts to clarify problems. Project staff closely oversee the editing process, and substantive decisions regarding the han- dling of specific problems are made by this staff. The techniques used to edit all previous waves were used to edit Wave XIV. Detailed discussion of these techniques will be found in the documen- tation of Waves I-V of this survey and specific changes are documented an- nually in the year of their occurrence. Family Composition Editing All people in a Panel family last year must be accounted for this year--either in the old family or as having moved out to form a new family. Sample members who move out are followed and interviewed as a new family. Family composition editing remains unchanged. Wave XIV Changes UTILITIES This year we have asked separate questions for different types of fuels and utility services. Electricity (B81-B21), Gas (B22-B25), Oil (B26-B28), Coal, Wood, Kerosene and Other Fuels (B29-B30), and Water & Sewage (B31-B33) are each asked separately. It was not possible to assign missing amounts as previous waves had asked Utility Costs as a lump sum, however, Accuracy Code "2" was used for "Not Ascertained" figures to retain the option of assigning missing amounts at a later date. For the purpose of comparability with previous years, a generated variable (V7699) contains the sum of all the separate utility questions. Please note: any sum (V7699) that equals "9999" implies that one or more of the utilities are "Not Ascertained." SALARIED WORKERS WAGE RATES All "salaried" workers have their current income, C11 (V7715) and overtime pay, if any, C13 (V7717), converted into an hourly scale. This 9 10 year, in cases where Head does not receive overtime pay--C12 (V7716) = "No," 5--and has held his position for over a year--C18 (V7722) is greater than "012"--an approximation of "real work hours" was used to derive the Current Hourly Wage Rate, Last Year"s Work Weeks (C37), Hours Worked Per Week (C39), and Overtime Hours (C41) were used to convert the salaried pay scale. In cases where a salaried Head received overtime pay, had not held his position for over a year, or where the working hours were vague, contradic- tory or incomplete, regular conventions for work hours were used to es- tablish a current hourly wage (i.e. yearly = 200 work hours; weekly = 40 work hours; etc.). PERIODS OF UNEMPLOYMENT In Sections C and D (Heads who are currently working, temporarily laid off, or unemployed and looking for work), a new series of questions about unemployment periods has been added (C49-C79 and D27-D57). Only Heads with 40 or more hours of unemployment (V7538) were asked this new series of questions, which deal with timing and duration of up to three separate unemployment periods. PLANNING FOR RETIREMENT A brief series of questions on expected retirement age has been returned to Wave XIV. They appear at C92-C95 and D62-D65. ASSIGNMENT TABLES In Wave XIV, as in Waves XII and XIII, we used an inflation factor in some of our assignment tables. The tables were first drawn using the un- weighted data from last year (Wave XIII), then each figure was increased by the percent of inflation for that category. The inflation factors were derived from the Implicit Price Deflators for gross national product of the Commerce Department's Survey of Current Business, December 1980, by compar- ing the 3rd quarter of 1979 to the 3rd quarter of 1980. The factors used are as follows: House Value for Homeowners (V7517), 8.45% (note that if we have a house value for this house from last year's interview we used it, plus 10%, with an accuracy code of "1" in preference to the table value which always carries an accuracy code "2.") Annual Rent for Renters (V7525), 9.2% Imputed Annual Rent for Nonowners/Nonrenters (V7527), 9.2% Annual Food Cost Except Food Stamps (V7564), 8.916% Annual Cost of Eating Out (V7566), 8.916% 11 The 1981 edit worksheets with variable numbers from the merged family tape was included in the original published documentation. It is not in- cluded in this machine readable version. You may obtain a paper version of the "1981 Edit Worksheets with Vari- able Numbers" by sending a request by e-mail to "psid.staff@umich.edu" or by US mail to Jean Yeung, 3263 ISR, University of Michigan, PO Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248. 12 Part 4: Coding Procedures Production coding the questionnaire is the final step to putting the data into usable form for analysis. This is done after the questionnaire has been edited as described in Part 3. The coding process converts non- numerical answers into the numerical values. This year, the coders entered the editing worksheets and coded the questionnaire, using a new system designed by the Computer Support Group at ISR's Survey Research Center. The new system, Interactive System for Input of Survey Data (ISIS), is compatible with ISR's OSIRIS analysis package. It incorporates wild code and consistency checking of data during the ac- tual coding process such that coders may not enter invalid code values. Needless to say, coder error was considerably reduced by this new process. This section deals only with the question of reliability, or inter- coder variance. The reliability is the measure of the ambiguity of the codes and the accuracy of the coders. Approximately 10 percent of the interviews (617) were coded twice, once by the coder and a second time by a Panel Study staff member or a check coder. Check coding consists of an item-by-item check of all values which have been independently coded by a second person. This enables the study staff to determine early in the processing whether any individual coder is having difficulty and whether any codes are causing problems. Coders are trained by a member of the study staff before they are al- lowed to production-code interviews. Training consists of a short intro- duction on the history and purpose of the study and answering any questions the coders may have about the study in general. The coders then check code two practice interviews, which the study staff member has coded earlier. Then the coders and the study staff member go over the practice interviews in detail, discussing any differences with particular emphasis on problems that may come up in production-coding and questions that may be difficult to code. A difference is a disagreement between the coder and the check coder. Differences become errors when so judged by the check coder; for example, a coder may use the wrong code, punch the wrong number by mistake on the ter- minal keyboard, or miss a specific direction in the code. Disagreements which are not errors involve coding of open-ended questions; decisions on the final code chosen rest with the study staff member. Coding Errors There was only one variable with an error rate of 1.3 percent or over, question B3. "How is your (home/apartment) heated--with gas, electricity, oil, or what?" Most of the errors occurred when the respondent reported using multiple heating methods, as opposed to only one method. Multiple heating methods were most usually indicated by a check on the appropriate box (codes 1, 2 or 3) and a written-in reply. The coders missed seeing the method written in next to the question by the interviewer. 13 Coding Differences All the differences of 1.3 percent or over were on open-ended ques- tions. Such questions vary in the degree of coding difficulty, depending on question content. Questions ascertaining reasons for particular types of behavior, that is to say, "Why" questions, are the most difficult to build codes for and to actually code. The major problem with question B33. "Why not pay for water/sewage?" occurred when the respondent's answer fitted into more than one code category. For a usual example, respondents living as part of other per- sons' families, i.e. those coded 5 in V7515, replied that the other family "takes care of it." However, since there is little or no information about how the other family "takes care of it," decisions between codes 1, 2, 3 and 4 were difficult to make. Question C25. "Why is it (better/worse)?" referring to a job the respondent has had less than one year, has been asked since 1969. There are two reasons for problems with this variable. First, reasons for job satisfaction for the respondent appear to be more subjective now than in the past, but altering the code to reflect this change would interfere with past trends. Secondly, coders occasionally code this question as if it were a priority code, which it is not. The first mention contained in the response should be the first coded. Question J27. "Can you tell me why you thought you weren't eligible?" (for food stamps) asks respondents a question that most people have very little knowledge about unless they are already involved with the "welfare" system. Replies not codable in categories 1 or 2 were almost al- ways even more vague than the remaining codes. Questions B36. "Why did you move?" and B39. "Who might you move?" have periodically shown some history of reliability problems throughout the duration of the study. Replies involving consumptive reasons are most usually so specific to each respondent's situation that new coders' ability to conceptualize these replies in terms of these code categories is very difficult. Question J30. "Can you tell me why you didn't try?" (to get food stamps), asked of those who think they may have been eligible for food stamps, but failed to apply for them, presented coding difficulties similar to those mentioned above for question J27. Differentiation between replies that could be coded in either categories 5 or 6 accounted for many of the disagreements. Check Coding of Occupation and Industry Codes During the coding process, a separate checking procedure was es- tablished to attempt to obtain some information on reliability rates for the three-digit occupation and industry codes. A total of 913 interviews were selected for this process. Since each Head must answer either Sec- tion C or D or E, the check coder used the occupation and industry informa- tion from the appropriate section for overall totals. A similar procedure was followed for Wives, using Sections F, G and H. Of the 913 interviews 14 Table 5 RELIABILITY SCORES ______________________________________________________________________ ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Errors 1.3 Percent or Over ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Question Number Variable Number Percent Error ---------------------------------------------------------------------- B3 V7673 1.3 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Disagreements 1.3 Percent or Over: ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Question Number Variable Number Percent Disagreement ---------------------------------------------------------------------- B33 V7698 2.6 B36 V7702 2.9 B39 V7705 3.9 C25 V7729 2.6 J27 V7961 2.6 V7962 2.6 J30 V7965 2.4 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Overall coding error rates for 1981 are .35 per interview. selected, 798 had information for Heads and 373 for Wives. The remainder represent non-working Heads or Wives, or families which contained no Wife in 1981. Overall reliabilities (including the inapplicable cases) were: Head's Occupation: 89.2% Head's Industry; 89.4% Wife's Occupation: 92.6% Wife's Industry: 95.7% When adjusted for removal of inapplicable cases, these figures became: Head's Occupation: 87.6% Head's Industry: 87.8% Wife's Occupation: 81.8% Wife's Industry: 89.5% 15 Matched differences, that is, cases in which the coder and check coder dif- fered in the same way more than once, occurred on the following codes: Number of Occupation Differences Head Cleaners & Charwomen (902) - Janitors & sex- 4 tons (903) Managers & Administrators, nec (245) - Sales- 3 men & sales clerks, nec (280) Heavy Equipment Mechanics, incl. diesel 2 (481) - Mechanics and repairmen, not specified Miscellaneous Operatives (694) - assemblers 2 (602) Wife Cleaners & Charwomen (902) - Janitors & sex- 3 tons (903) Sewers & Stitchers (663) - Dressmakers and 3 seamstresses, except factory (613) Child Care Workers, except private household 2 (942) - Child care workers, private household (980) Bookkeepers (305) - Bank tellers (301) 2 Not Specified Clerical Workers (395) - 2 Typists (391) 16 Number of Industry Differences Head General Building Contractors (067) - Special 4 trade contractors (069) General Building Contractors (067) - Not 3 specified construction (077) Special Trade Contractors (069) - Not 3 specified construction (077) Horticultural Services (019) - Private 3 households (769) Special Trade Contractors (069) - General 2 contractors, except building (068) Motor Vehicle & Motor Vehicle Equipment 2 Manufacturing (210) - Manufacturing of machinery except electrical, nec (197) Not Specified Manufacturing Industries 2 (398) - Manufacturing of miscellaneous fabri- cated metal products (168) Wife Hospitals (838) - Health services, nec (848) 2 17 Occupation and industry codes yielding the highest numbers of differences were: Number of Occupation Differences Head Managers and Administrators, nec (245) 14 Miscellaneous Operatives (694) 7 Machine Operatives, Miscellaneous Specified 5 (690) Not Specified Operatives (695) 5 Heavy Equipment Mechanics, including diesel 4 (481) Cleaners and Charwomen (902) 4 Wife Sewers & Stitchers (663) 8 Cleaners & Charwomen (902) 4 Estimators and Investigators, nec (321) 4 Child Care Workers, except private household 4 (942) Managers & Administrators, nec (245) 4 Not Specified Clerical Workers (395) 4 Number of Industry* Differences Head General Building Contractors (067) 8 Not Specified Manufacturing Industries (398) 2 Special Trade Contractors (069) 6 Manufacturing of Miscellaneous Fabricated 4 Metal Products (168) Horticultural Services (019) 4 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *There were no matched differences on industry codes for wives. 18 For both Heads and Wives, slightly over half (approximately 53%) of the differences on both occupation and industry occurred within the same Census Major Heading groups. Heads' occupation differences were predominantly within the Craftsmen and Kindred Workers Group, the Operatives group, the Managers and Ad- ministrators group, the Service Workers (excluding Private Household) group and the Clerical and Kindred Workers group. Wives' occupation problems were mainly confined to the Clerical and Kindred Workers group and the Operatives group, since Wives tend to be concentrated in those occupations. Industry code differences for Heads were most frequent in the Manufac- turing group, the Wholesale and Retail Trade group, the Construction group, and the Professional and Related Services group. Wives' differences were most often found in the Entertainment and Recreation Services group, the Personal Services group and the Retail Trade group. At the end of this volume, Appendix 2 lists the three-digit occupation and industry classifications used. These are taken from U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1970 Census of Population Alphabetical Index of Industries and Oc- cupations, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1971, pp. vii- xiv. In previous years of this study, an attempt was made to reconcile in- consistencies in the coding of the same occupation between years. Cases with the same Head for each pair of years and in which this Head had reported no change in job were inspected for clues as to which occupation code was correct. This task proved to be both monumental and relatively fruitless, and has been discontinued for 1981 data. Part 5: Generated Variables and Additional Data Various indexes, bracket variables, and complex measures of economic status have been constructed each year using variables derived directly from coded interview data. Each year changes in the interview schedule have made additions and deletions of indexes necessary. In general, if an index could not be built to be exactly comparable to a previous index, no index was constructed. Income Several measures of economic status have been generated for all four- teen years, including money income variables and measures of income ade- quacy. Family Money Income, one of the simplest indexes, is the total of all members' earnings, transfers, and capital income (1981: V8065). Total real income and net real income, on the other hand, have not been created for the past several years because there has been incomplete information about nonmoney income. Also for 1981, miscellaneous transfers of Head and Wife has not been constructed since it is little-used and may easily be built by merely subtracting ADC income from total transfers. 19 Ratio of Income to Needs Measurement of a family's economic status requires comparison of the family's income with some measure of its needs. A full description of the needs standard used by the Panel Study is found in our documentation volume for Wave VII, 1974. For analytical purposes, a convenient measure of this relationship is expressed by a ratio of family income to family needs. To- tal Family Money Income (V8065) divided by Annual Need Standard (V7554) is the only income to needs ratio available for 1981 (V8067). Note that the need standard is not adjusted for inflation. Bracket Variables Several numerical variables, such as family money income, had been, until Wave X, given also as bracket (interval) codes. Such interval codes had been constructed for most of the measures where a distribution was use- ful and appropriate. This includes practically all of the income variables and their components. For Waves X-XIV we have provided in the Tape Codes two pieces of information which allow a user to bracket as his own uses dictate: (1) percent nonzero, and (2) mean value of nonzero. This informa- tion is provided for any variable which was bracketed in 1976. SMSA Codes From 1968 through 1978, the names of those cities nearest respondents' dwellings were coded. However, this information was made unavailable to users due to possible confidentiality problems. That decision has now been reversed, and values for these variables (V188, V808, V1497, V2209, V2835, V3250, V3672, V3933, V4703, V4705, V5621, V5623, V6168, V6170) have been inserted on the merged fourteen-year tape. Two different codes were used for these variables: 1968 through 1974 codes included suburban cities in the same categories as their urban centers, while for 1975 through 1978 each city of 50,000 or more had its own code. Codes are available upon re- quest in writing to: ICPSR, University of Michigan, P.O. Box 1248, Ann Ar- bor, Mi., 48106, Attn: Janet Vavra. Race Because the interview schedules are now designed for telephone use, race of respondent, which comes from interviewer observation, has not been obtained for several years. Respondents were assigned race from 1972 data. In the case of splitoffs, race was assigned from 1972 data of the main family (V8099). Regional Data Measures In addition to personality and behavior, locational and environmental factors are potentially important determinants of an individual's economic status. Consequently, the interview data have been supplemented with in- formation on the employment and income characteristics of the county where the panel family lives. Questionnaires are sent each year to state employ- ment offices asking about current labor market conditions in these coun- ties. For the past two years, two of the usual five questions asked in 20 previous years were dropped as being inappropriate in the modern world (V's 8104-8106). Marital Status We have asked a new series of marital status questions in the inter- view for the last four years. V8087 is a recoding of these new questions to make marital status comparable to past years. In all years before 1977, a respondent's answer to marital status was edited to conform to our definitions. (V's 7952-7954.) This year we again created a "Year-to-Year Change in Marital Status" variable (V8107). This variable reflects Head's change in marital status between 1980 and 1981. Sampling Error Computing Unit (SECU) Formulas for the sampling errors, or variances, of estimators based on the assumption of having data from a simple random sample are inappropriate for the PSID data. While the PSID is a probability sample, it differs from a simple random sample because of stratification, clustering, and dis- proportionate selection rates for families. These deviations from simple random sampling complicate proper calculation of sampling errors for es- timators, but they do not entirely preclude it. Methods for calculating the proper sampling errors of estimators do vary, though, according to the type of estimator, the calculation model, and the computer program performing the calculations. Since the PSID is often used for regression analysis, a SECU variable was generated which was specifically designed to allow users to calculate the proper sampling er- rors for regression statistics in an attempt to reduce computing costs without huge sacrifices in precision. The code for the SECU variable, its name, and the terminology that follows specifically relate to an OSIRIS IV sampling error computer program with the BHS option for regression statistics. This program, Repeated Replication Sampling Error Analysis (REPERR), has other options for sam- pling error calculations for regression statistics, and is one of the two OSIRIS IV sampling error programs. The other program, Sampling Error Analysis (PSALMS), is designed to calculate the sampling errors of ratios such as means or proportions. However, a coding of computing units dif- ferent from that of V8101 is recommended for such calculations. Resear- chers interested in computing sampling errors of ratios should inquire about obtaining this alternate coding consisting of a considerably larger number of coding units. For further details, see the explanation for the SECU variable in Sec- tion I, Part 5 of the 1980 documentation volume. Note that 1981 splitoffs received the SECU values of their main families from 1980. Individual Splitoff Data Beginning in 1981, additional data has been transferred to the in- dividual records of splitoff persons. The month and year the individual 21 moved from the parental (main family) interview is provided, along with the current year's interview number of that family unit. Users may find this especially helpful when looking at income information regarding the preced- ing year, since splitoffs would not usually have been in the labor force for a full year prior to contact for 1981 interviewing. Taxes Again this year, income taxes for family members were generated by computer. There were no changes in tax laws between 1979 tax year and 1980 tax year that affected the various credits which are incorporated into the tax variables (V's 8052-8064). For an in-depth discussion of these vari- ables, please see Section I, Part 5 of the 1980 documentation volume. Part 6: Data Available For each year of this study, both an individual unit and a family unit tape have been created. In addition, the family tape has been merged with the previous years' family tapes so that there are two through fourteen year merged family tapes. The individual tapes were merged on five through fourteen year bases only. Two tapes have also been created using the 1967 S.E.O. data for that part of the sample that was originally interviewed by the Census. For a detailed description of these tapes, see A Panel Study of Income Dynamics, Volume I, 1972. Briefly, the annual family tapes include one record for each family interviewed that year. The family-individual tapes contain one record for each individual in these families. Included on each record is information specific to the individual plus all the data for the family in which the person was living that year. The fourteen-year merged family tape contains all fourteen years of data for every family interviewed in 1981 (including the 1976 wives' data). The record for a family which was formed after 1968 contains the data for the main family for the years before the new unit split off. The fourteen- year individual tape contains the data for the family in which the in- dividual was living each of the fourteen years and all fourteen years of individual information. The tape contains records for the following in- dividuals: a. Sample members living in the Panel families (or in institutions) in 1968 through 1981. b. Sample members who were born after 1968. The individual data for these children contain zeros for the years before they were born ex- cept for their 1977 person numbers and each year's identification num- ber. c. Sample members who were living in Panel families in 1968 but who sub- sequently died or moved out and were not followed. The records for the years after these members left contain zeros except for their per- son numbers. Their weight is also zero. These records should only be used to generate 1968 family composition variables (e.g., number of preschool children). A few of these persons moved back into the 22 Panel. Data was again inserted for the years in which they were present. 1981 weights are present for such persons if they are cur- rently in the Panel. d. Nonsample members living with Panel families in 1981 who moved in after 1968. Individual information before they moved in contains zeros, except for the 1977 person numbers and each year's identifica- tion number, and their weight is always zero. There is a variable on the merged individual tape specifying the type of individual record for years one through five only. This may, however, be updated by the user. This tape is very long (approximately 23,000 records with 15,700 tape locations), so machine capacity should be considered before attempting analysis on this tape. All inquiries for information about this study should be in writing to: Member Services, Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, P.O. Box 1248, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106. Refer to Project 457701. Part 7: Notes on Use of Data Tricky Aspects of a Self-Replacing Panel In order to use panel data, one must understand the demography of populations that are continually being replaced. The average age of such a population does not change, even though each member ages, because each year a few very old people die and are "replaced" by some very young ones. Due to this replacement, a panel containing the same families never represents aggregate trends. The Panel data allow one to look at the history of any family which contains sample members in the most recent year, but this implies the introduction of duplicate family records for earlier years in cases where the members of that early family have divided into two or more current ones. To average the 1967 income for all families in the 1981 Panel, then, does not give a measure of the average income of all families in 1967. Restricting the analysis to families with the same heads of households all fourteen years may eliminate too much; the "same head" subgroup is excel- lent for following fortunes of people over the period, but not for describ- ing national trends. For instance, the splitoffs, who are mostly just entering the labor force, suffer the most unemployment, move the most, have the largest increases in income. For some purposes, it might prove optimal to study year-to-year chan- ges for all units with the same head for those two years, minimizing the population turnover problem. For others, it is clearly best to look at in- dividuals so only those who die or disappear are lost. Means for these in- dividuals or their subgroups will, except for nonresponse, represent national trends. 23 Employment Sequences The user may have observed that each head of household, and wife of head if there is one, is asked a different sequence of questions, based on his reply to Question C1, "We would like to know about your (Head's) present job--are you (Head) working now, looking for work, retired, a housewife, or what?" (for wives, Question F2). Current employment status may be irrelevant to last year's labor force participation, especially in these times of high unemployment; therefore, we have continued with an in- dex which tabulates all variables in the sequence V7706-V7877 for heads and V7878-V7951 for wives, as some of the questions in each of the three employment-related sections are similar. Please see Section III, Part 4, for further details. On Creating a Family Tape From the Merged Fourteen-Year Individual Tape Since the fourteen-year individual tape is very unwieldy with its ap- proximately 23,000 cases and 15,700 tape locations, and the researcher might well be interested in analyzing the data largely from a family basis, it was thought helpful to append suggestions on the creation of a family file from the individual data. The structure of the individual file combines family data for each person in the family unit with that person's unique individual information. Each individual is assigned a unique sequence number (V8392) which indi- cates that person's position on the 1981 list of people in the family; thus, the first person listed is 01, the second person listed is 02, and so on. To create a family file, it is necessary only to write off onto a new tape those cases where V8392 = 01, since each family must have at least one member, although it may or may not have two or more. It is suggested that V8392 be used as opposed to V8393, relationship to head, because although each family has one and only one current head (i.e., where V8392 = 01-20), it is possible that the prior year's head of the family has moved out since the previous interview and a new head is present for the current interview. Relationship to head of movers-out is coded with reference to last year's head, so for both the current head and the previous head, V8393 = 1. 24 SECTION II TAPE CODES FOR WAVE XIV Part 1: Fourteenth-Year Family Tape Code The following are the codes for the fourteenth-wave information from the interview schedule. The fourteen-year individual tape code will be found in Part 2 of this section. The variable numbers and tape locations refer to the fourteen-year merged tape. For the codes for the first five waves of this study, see A Panel Study of Income Dynamics, Volume II. The remainder of the codes for Waves VI through XIII will be found in succes- sive volumes entitled A Panel Study of Income Dynamics: Procedures and Tape Codes. The distributions for the following variables are weighted and based on all families interviewed in 1981. For generation of distributions on field amounts, percent zero, percent nonzero, and mean values are provided. Tape Code Information The example below illustrates the information contained in this codebook for a typical variable. The numbers in brackets do not appear in the codebook, but refer to the explanations which follow this example. [1] 7509 = Cross-year variable number [2] Name = TELEPHONE INT ? 1981 [3] 14021 = Cross-year Tape Location [4] MD=9 [5] Whether Telephone Interview in 1981 [6] [7] [8] 7.6 0. Personal Interview [9]----- 91.4 1. Telephone Interview [10]---- 0.5 2. Mail Interview 0.5 9. NA 1. Indicates the cross-year variable number. A variable number is as- signed to each item in the study. (See the alphabetical index for a list of the range of variable numbers specific to each year.) 2. Indicates the abbreviated variable name (maximum of 25 characters) used in the OSIRIS system to identify the variable for the user. This abbreviated variable name is identical to the variable name listed in the OSIRIS dictionary for this variable. It is also listed as a subheading of the printout when a variable is accessed in an OSIRIS program. When used in this manner, the abbreviated variable 25 26 name can be useful as a cross-reference tool, as well as a way to avoid errors. Refer to the list of abbreviations below for some help in translating the names into sensible English. 3. Indicates the starting location and ending location for this variable when the data are stored on a magnetic tape in the OSIRIS format. 4. Indicates the code values of missing data. In this example, code values equalling nine are missing data (MD=9). Alternative state- ments for other variables are "MD=0 or GE 8" or "MD=GE 7." In cases where nothing is written in this space, there are no missing data for the variable; values were assigned for such cases. Some analysis software packages (including the OSIRIS software package) require that certain types of data which the user desires to exclude from analysis can be designated as "missing data," e.g., in- appropriate, unascertained, or ambiguous data categories. Although these codes have been defined by the PSID staff as missing data categories, this does not mean that the user should not or cannot use them in a substantive role if so desired. 5. Indicates the full question number that was used in the question- naire, as well as the exact wording of the questionnaire item. 6. Indicates the weighted percentages for each code value. Blanks indi- cate that no cases have this value. 7. Indicates the code values occurring in the data for this variable. In some cases there will be a full field of "X's" in this column. These X's indicate that the actual number was coded. For example, a variable about the respondent's earnings per hour might include the following code value: XXXX. Actual dollars and cents per hour 8. Indicates the textual definitions of the codes. Abbreviations com- monly used in the code definitions are "DK" (Don't Know), "NA" (Not Ascertained), and "Inap." (Inappropriate). 9. Indicates the "% nonzero" value, where specified. 10. Indicates the "mean nonzero" value where specified. List of Standardizations of Common Abbreviations Used by the Panel Study in Generating Variable Names with OSIRIS (see item 2 above) ACC Accuracy ANN Annual E Employed section of questionnaire (Section C or F) EDUC Education 27 FA Father H or HD Head IND Industry; individual MO Mother MOS Months OCC Occupation OT Overtime OTR Other person(s) PAY/HR Hourly rate, in dollars and cents R Retired/housewife/student section of questionnaire (Section E or H) REC Receive(d) TOT Total U Unemployed section of questionnaire (Section D or G) UNEMP Unemployed; unemployment W or WF Wife WRK Work WTR Whether X Times; cross (as in cross-year) Y Income 28 1981 FAMILY TAPE CODE Content 7501 = Cross-year variable number Name='STUDY NUMBER (701) ' 13501-13503 = Cross-year Tape Location Study Number 701 (Wave 14) 7502 = Cross-year variable number Name='1981 INTERVIEW NUMBER ' 13504-13507 = Cross-year Tape Location 1981 Interview Number 0001-6620. Current interview number 7503 = Cross-year variable number Name='CURRENT STATE ' 13508-13509 = Cross-year Tape Location MD=99 State of Residence at Time of 1981 Interview Please refer to Appendix 1 for state and county codes. 7504 = Cross-year variable number Name='CURRENT COUNTY ' 13510-13512 = Cross-year Tape Location MD=999 County of Residence at Time of 1981 Interview Please refer to Appendix 1 for state and county codes. 7505 = Cross-year variable number Name='CURRENT STATE+CNTY ' 13513-13517 = Cross-year Tape Location MD=99999 State and County of Residence at Time of 1981 Interview V7503 and V7504 combined into one variable Please refer to Appendix 1 for state and county codes. 29 30 - RAW DATA 7506 = Cross-year variable number Name='SIZE LGST CITY/SMSA-1981' 13518 = Cross-year tape location MD=9 Size of Largest City in PSU 29.4 1. SMSA: largest city 500,000 or more 24.6 2. SMSA: largest city 100,000-499,999 12.8 3. SMSA: largest city 50,000-99,999 8.6 4. Non-SMSA: largest city 25,000-49,999 9.5 5. Non-SMSA: largest city 10,000-24,999 14.8 6. Non-SMSA: largest city under 10,000 0.4 9. NA: DU is not in continental USA 7507 = Cross-year variable number Name='COLOR COVERSHEET-1981 ' 13519 = Cross-year Tape Location Color of Coversheet--Splitoff Indicator 96.8 0. Orange (Main Family) 3.2 1. Yellow (Splitoff) 7508 = Cross-year variable number Name='WHETHER REFUSED-1981 ' 13520 = Cross-year Tape Location MD=9 Whether Originally Refused in 1981 99.3 0. Never Refused 0.7 1. Refused at least once 9. NA 7509 = Cross-year variable number Name='TELEPHONE INT?-1981 ' 13521 = Cross-year Tape Location MD=9 Whether Telephone Interview in 1981 5.8 0. Personal interview 93.6 1. Telephone interview 0.3 2. Mail interview 0.3 9. NA RAW DATA - 31 7510 = Cross-year variable number Name='FAM COMP CHANGE-1981 ' 13522 = Cross-year Tape Location Family Composition Change 78.5 0. No change; no movers-in or movers-out of the family. 12.8 1. Change in members other than Head or Wife. 2.5 2. Head same but Wife left/died and/or Head has new Wife. 2.2 3. Wife from 1980 is now Head. 0.8 4. Female Head in 1980 got married--husband now Head. 2.8 5. Some sample member other than Head or Wife has become Head of this FU. 0.4 6. Some female in FU other than 1980 Head got married and her husband is now Head. 7. Female Head in 1980 with husband in institution--husband in FU in 1981 and is now Head. 0.1 8. Other 7511 = Cross-year variable number Name='#MOVED IN-1981 ' 13523 = Cross-year Tape Location Number Moved Into FU between 1980 and 1981 mean nonzero = 1.3 88.1 0. None 9.6 1. One 1.5 2. Two 0.4 3. Three 0.3 4. Four 0.0 5. Five 0.0 6. Six 0.0 7. Seven 8. Eight 9. Nine or more 32 - RAW DATA 7512 = Cross-year variable number Name='WHO MOVED IN-1981 ' 13524 = Cross-year Tape Location Relation to 1981 Head of Person(s) who Moved Into FU between 1980 and 1981 If more than one person moved in, the person with the highest priority was coded. In order of priority 3.7 1. Head of family 0.6 2. Wife 5.0 3. Child, stepchild 0.3 4. Sibling 0.2 5. Parent 0.4 6. Grandchild, great-grandchild 0.5 7. In-laws and other relatives 1.0 8. Nonrelative 0.0 9. Husband of 1981 Head 88.1 0. Inap.; no one moved in; V7511=0 7513 = Cross-year variable number Name='# MOVED OUT-1981 ' 13525 = Cross-year Tape Location Number Moved Out of FU between 1980 and 1981 mean nonzero = 1.3 90.0 0. None 8.2 1. One 1.2 2. Two 0.6 3. Three 0.1 4. Four 0.0 5. Five 0.0 6. Six 0.0 7. Seven 8. Eight 0.0 9. Nine or more RAW DATA - 33 7514 = Cross-year variable number Name='WHO MOVED OUT-1981 ' 13526 = Cross-year Tape Location Relation to Last Year's Head of Person(s) who Moved Out/Died between 1980 and 1981 If more than one person moved out, the person with the highest priority was coded. In order of priority 2.1 1. Head of family 1.7 2. Wife 5.1 3. Child, stepchild 0.3 4. Sibling 0.0 5. Parent 0.2 6. Grandchild, great-grandchild 0.2 7. In-law or other relative 0.5 8. Nonrelative (including foster child) 9. Husband of 1980 Head 90.0 0. Inap.; no one moved out; V7513=0 7515 = Cross-year variable number Name='CURRENT FAM COMP-1981 ' 13527 = Cross-year Tape Location 1981 Family Composition 88.4 1. Head and immediate family (wife and children) only. 5.7 2. FU contains other people related to Head. 2.0 3. FU contains people unrelated to Head who are included in FU because they pool everything. 3.9 5. Other 7516 = Cross-year variable number Name='QUALITY OF MATCH-1981 ' 13528 = Cross-year Tape Location Quality of Match 99.0 0. Perfect or near perfect match 0.8 1. Fair match 0.3 2. Poor match 5. No match 34 - RAW DATA 7517 = Cross-year variable number Name='1981 HOUSE VALUE (B7) ' 13529-13534 = Cross-year Tape Location House Value (1981) % nonzero = 61.2 mean nonzero = 57,340.8 000000. Inap.; not a home owner 999999. $999,999 or more (All missing data were assigned.) 7518 = Cross-year variable number Name='ACC 1981 HOUSE VALUE ' 13535 = Cross-year Tape Location Accuracy of V7517 (House value) 96.2 0. Inap.; not a home owner; no assignment; V7517=0 1.2 1. Minor assignment 1.0 2. Major assignment 1.6 3. Complex property, requiring allocation of house value between dwelling and other purposes of building/land. 7519 = Cross-year variable number Name='REM MTGE PRIN 81 (B9) ' 13536-13540 = Cross-year Tape Location Remaining Mortgage Principal (1981) % nonzero = 36.7 mean nonzero = 24,099.4 00000. Inap.; not a home owner; no mortgage; V7517=0 99999. $99,999 or more (All missing data were assigned.) RAW DATA - 35 7520 = Cross-year variable number Name='ACC REM MTGE PRIN 1981 ' 13541 = Cross-year Tape Location Accuracy of V7519 (Remaining mortgage principal) 97.7 0. Inap.; not a home owner; no mortgage; no assignment; V7517=0; V7519=0 0.1 1. Minor assignment 1.1 2. Major assignment 1.1 3. Complex property, requiring allocation of mortgage principal between dwelling and other purposes of building/land. 7521 = Cross-year variable number Name='ANN MTGE PYTS 81 (B10) ' 13542-13545 = Cross-year Tape Location Annual Mortgage Payment (1981) % nonzero = 36.7 mean nonzero = 3,367.0 0000. Inap.; not a homeowner; no mortgage; V7517=0; V7519=0 9999. $9,999 or more (All missing data were assigned.) 7522 = Cross-year variable number Name='ACC ANN MTGE PYTS-1981 ' 13546 = Cross-year Tape Location Accuracy of V7521 (Annual mortgage payment) 98.4 0. Inap.; not a home owner; no mortgage; no assignment; V7517=0; V7519=0; V7521=0 0.0 1. Minor assignment 0.5 2. Major assignment 1.1 3. Complex property, requiring allocation of mortgage payment between dwelling and other purposes of building/land 36 - RAW DATA 7523 = Cross-year variable number Name='ANN PROPERTY TAX 81 (B13' 13547-13550 = Cross-year Tape Location Annual Property Tax % nonzero = 59.3 mean nonzero = 674.1 0001-9998. Actual property tax in dollars 9999. $9999 or more 0000. Inap.; none; does not own/is not buying; V7517=0 7524 = Cross-year variable number Name='ACC ANN PROPERTY TX-1981' 13551 = Cross-year Tape Location Accuracy of V7523 (Annual property tax) 94.2 0. Inap.; no assignment; does not own/is not buying; V7517=0; V7523=0 1.4 1. Minor assignment 4.4 2. Major assignment 7525 = Cross-year variable number Name='ANN RENT-1981 (B14) ' 13552-13555 = Cross-year Tape Location Annual Rent % nonzero = 33.8 mean nonzero = 2,372.1 0000. Inap.; not a renter 9999. $9,999 or more (All missing data were assigned.) 7526 = Cross-year variable number Name='ACC ANN RENT-1981 ' 13556 = Cross-year Tape Location Accuracy of V7525 (Annual rent) 99.3 0. Inap.; not a renter; no assignment; V7525=0 0.2 1. Minor assignment 0.5 2. Major assignment RAW DATA - 37 7527 = Cross-year variable number Name='ANN VALUE IF RENTED/B17 ' 13557-13560 = Cross-year Tape Location Annual Rent Value of Free Housing for Those Who Neither Own nor Rent % nonzero = 5.1 mean nonzero = 2,460.1 0000. Inap.; home owner or renter 9999. $9,999 or more (All missing data were assigned.) 7528 = Cross-year variable number Name='ACC ANN VALUE IF RENTED ' 13561 = Cross-year Tape Location Accuracy of V7527 (Annual rent value of free housing) 98.2 0. Inap.; home owner or renter; no assignment; V7527=0 0.0 1. Minor assignment 1.8 2. Major assignment 7529 = Cross-year variable number Name='GOVT SUBSIDY-HTG COST/B5' 13562-13565 = Cross-year Tape Location MD=9999 Government Subsidy of Heating Costs % nonzero = 5.9 mean nonzero = 172.1 0001-9997. Actual amount of aid paid 9998. $9998 or more 9999. NA; DK 0000. Inap.; none; "No" to B4 38 - RAW DATA 7530 = Cross-year variable number Name='HD ANN WRK HRS IN 1980 ' 13566-13569 = Cross-year Tape Location Head's Annual Hours Working for Money in 1980 % nonzero = 77.9 mean nonzero = 1,947.6 0000. None; did not work in 1980 0001-5840. Actual total work hours (All missing data were assigned.) 7531 = Cross-year variable number Name='ACC HD 80 WORK HRS ' 13570 = Cross-year Tape Location Accuracy of V7530 (Head's annual hours working for money in 1980) 94.5 0. Inap.; Head did no work; no assignment; V7530=0 4.0 1. Minor assignment 1.4 2. Major assignment 7532 = Cross-year variable number Name='HD HRS WRK LOST OTR ILL ' 13571-13574 = Cross-year Tape Location Head's Annual Hours of Work Missed Because Someone Else was Ill in 1980 % nonzero = 9.2 mean nonzero = 48.5 (Weeks someone else ill times 40) 0000. Inap.; None; "No" to C27/D15; Head is retired, permanently disabled, student, housewife; no time missed for someone else's illness 0001-2080. Actual hours missed because someone else was ill (All missing data were assigned.) RAW DATA - 39 7533 = Cross-year variable number Name='ACC HD HR LOST OTR ILL ' 13575 = Cross-year Tape Location Accuracy of V7532 (Head's annual hours of work missed because someone else was ill in 1980) 100.0 0. Inap.; no time missed; no assignment; V7532=0 0.0 1. Minor assignment 0.0 2. Major assignment 7534 = Cross-year variable number Name='HD HRS WRK LOST OWN ILL ' 13576-13579 = Cross-year Tape Location Head's Annual Hours of Illness in 1980 % nonzero = 34.8 mean nonzero = 192.0 (Weeks ill times 80 for first eight weeks and times 60 for any time thereafter) 0000. Inap.; None; "No" to C29/D17; Head is retired, permanently disabled, student, housewife; no time missed for Head's own illness 0001-3280. Actual annual hours Head ill (All missing data were assigned.) 7535 = Cross-year variable number Name='ACC HD HRS LOST OWN ILL ' 13580 = Cross-year Tape Location Accuracy of V7534 (Head's annual hours of illness in 1980) 99.9 0. Inap.; no time missed; no assignment; V7534=0 0.1 1. Minor assignment 0.0 2. Major assignment 40 - RAW DATA 7536 = Cross-year variable number Name='HD STRIKE HOURS 1980 ' 13581-13584 = Cross-year Tape Location Head's Annual Hours on Strike in 1980 % nonzero = 1.2 mean nonzero = 212.6 (Weeks on strike times 40) 0000. Inap.; None; "No" to C33/D19; Head is retired, permanently disabled, student, housewife; no hours on strike in 1980 0001-2080. Actual annual strike hours (All missing data were assigned.) 7537 = Cross-year variable number Name='ACC HD STRIKE HRS 1980 ' 13585 = Cross-year Tape Location Accuracy of V7536 (Head's annual hours on strike in 1980) 100.0 0. Inap.; no strike time; no assignment; V7536=0 1. Minor assignment 2. Major assignment 7538 = Cross-year variable number Name='HD UNEMP HRS 1980 ' 13586-13589 = Cross-year Tape Location Head's Annual Hours of Unemployment in 1980 % nonzero = 13.7 mean nonzero = 532.9 (Weeks unemployed times 40) 0000. Inap.; None; "No" to C35/D21; Head is retired, permanently disabled, student, housewife; no unemployment hours 0001-2080. Actual hours of Head's unemployment (All missing data were assigned.) RAW DATA - 41 7539 = Cross-year variable number Name='ACC HD UNEMP HRS 1980 ' 13590 = Cross-year Tape Location Accuracy of V7538 (Head's annual hours of unemployment in 1980) 99.8 0. Inap.; no unemployment time; no assignment; V7538=0 0.2 1. Minor assignment 0.1 2. Major assignment 7540 = Cross-year variable number Name='WF ANN WRK HRS IN 1980 ' 13591-13594 = Cross-year Tape Location Wife's annual hours working for money in 1980 % nonzero = 33.5 mean nonzero = 1,369.9 0000. Inap.; no wife; wife did not work in 1980 0001-5840. Actual total work hours of wife (All missing data were assigned.) 7541 = Cross-year variable number Name='ACC WF 80 WRK HRS ' 13595 = Cross-year Tape Location Accuracy of V7540 (Wife's annual hours working for money in 1980) 98.5 0. Inap.; no wife; wife did not work in 1980; no assignment; V7540=0 1.0 1. Minor assignment 0.5 2. Major assignment 42 - RAW DATA 7542 = Cross-year variable number Name='WF HRS WRK LOST OTR ILL ' 13596-13599 = Cross-year Tape Location Wife's Annual Hours of Work Missed Because Someone Else was Ill in 1980 % nonzero = 6.3 mean nonzero = 56.6 (Weeks someone else ill times 40) 0000. Inap.; no wife; wife did not work in 1980; no time missed for someone else's illness; "No" to F19/G12; wife is retired, permanently disabled, housewife, student 0001-2080. Actual hours of work missed because someone else was ill (All missing data were assigned.) 7543 = Cross-year variable number Name='ACC WF HR LOST OTR ILL ' 13600 = Cross-year Tape Location Accuracy of V7542 (Wife's annual hours of work missed because someone else was ill in 1980) 100.0 0. Inap.; no wife; wife did not work in 1980; no time missed; no assignment; V7542=0 0.0 1. Minor assignment 2. Major assignment 7544 = Cross-year variable number Name='WF HRS WRK LOST OWN ILL ' 13601-13604 = Cross-year Tape Location Wife's Annual Hours of Illness in 1980 % nonzero = 13.0 mean nonzero = 172.5 (Weeks ill times 80 for the first eight weeks and times 60 for the time thereafter) 0000. Inap.; no wife; wife did not work in 1980; no time missed for wife's own illness; "No" to F21/G14; wife is retired, permanently disabled, housewife, student 0001-3280. Actual annual hours of wife's illness (All missing data were assigned.) RAW DATA - 43 7545 = Cross-year variable number Name='ACC WF HRS LOST OWN ILL ' 13605 = Cross-year Tape Location Accuracy of V7544 (Wife's annual hours of illness in 1980) 99.9 0. Inap.; no wife; wife did not work in 1980; no time missed for wife's own illness; no assignment; V7544=0 0.1 1. Minor assignment 2. Major assignment 7546 = Cross-year variable number Name='WF STRIKE HOURS 1980 ' 13606-13609 = Cross-year Tape Location Wife's Annual Hours on Strike in 1980 % nonzero = 0.1 mean nonzero = 267.0 (Weeks on strike times 40) 0000. Inap.; no wife; wife did not work in 1980 no hours on strike in 1980; "No" to F25/G16; Wife is retired, per- manently disabled, housewife, student 0001-2080. Actual annual strike hours for wife (All missing data were assigned.) 7547 = Cross-year variable number Name='ACC WF STRIKE HRS 1980 ' 13610 = Cross-year Tape Location Accuracy of V7546 (Wife's annual hours on strike in 1980) 100.0 0. Inap.; no wife; wife did not work in 1980; no strike time; no assignment; V7546=0 1. Minor assignment 2. Major assignment 44 - RAW DATA 7548 = Cross-year variable number Name='WF UNEMP HRS 1980 ' 13611-13614 = Cross-year Tape Location Wife's Annual Hours of Unemployment in 1980 % nonzero = 4.1 mean nonzero = 681.0 (Weeks unemployed times 40) 0000. Inap.; no wife; wife did not work in 1980; no unemployment hours; "No" to F27/G18; Wife is retired, permanently dis- abled, housewife, student 0001-2080. Actual annual unemployment hours of wife (All missing data were assigned.) 7549 = Cross-year variable number Name='ACC WF UNEMP HRS 1980 ' 13615 = Cross-year Tape Location Accuracy of V7548 (Wife's annual hours of unemployment in 1980) 99.9 0. Inap.; no wife; wife did not work in 1980; no unemployment time; no assignment; V7548=0 0.0 1. Minor assignment 0.1 2. Major assignment 7550 = Cross-year variable number Name='# MAJOR ADULTS ' 13616 = Cross-year Tape Location Number of Major Adults - Head and Wife Only 44.6 1. One major adult (Head or Wife) 55.4 2. Two major adults (Head and Wife) 0.0 0. Single Head who is senile, etc. 7551 = Cross-year variable number Name='1981 FAMILY SIZE ' 13617-13618 = Cross-year Tape Location Family Size in 1981 (Number of members in family) mean nonzero = 2.5 XX. Actual number in FU RAW DATA - 45 7552 = Cross-year variable number Name='# REQUIRED ROOMS ' 13619 = Cross-year Tape Location Required Number of Rooms for FU of This Size, Age, and Sex Composition 50.4 2. Two 29.7 3. Three 14.9 4. Four 3.7 5. Five 1.0 6. Six 0.3 7. Seven 0.1 8. Eight 0.1 9. Nine or more 7553 = Cross-year variable number Name='1981 WEEKLY FOOD NEEDS ' 13620-13624 = Cross-year Tape Location Weekly Food Needs mean nonzero = 1620.9 Based on USDA Low-Cost Plan estimates of weekly food costs, according to the table below (re-produced from Family Economics Review, June 1967), summed for the family. INDIVIDUAL FOOD STANDARD (LOW COST) _________________________________________________________________________ ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Age Male Female ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Under 4 $3.90 $3.90 4-6 4.60 4.60 7-9 5.50 5.50 10-12 6.40 6.30 13-15 7.40 6.90 16-20 8.70 7.20 21-35 7.50 6.50 36-55 6.90 6.30 56 and older 6.30 5.40 (This same standard has been used in Waves I-XIII. Adjustments for inflation, etc., are left to users.) xxxxx Actual weekly food needs in dollars and cents OSIRIS USERS: Note that this variable is defined in the dictionary as having two decimal places. 46 - RAW DATA 7554 = Cross-year variable number Name='1981 ANNUAL NEED STD ' 13625-13629 = Cross-year Tape Location Annual Need Standard in 1980 mean nonzero = 3,023.9 This is the Orshansky-type poverty threshold, based on an annual food needs standard derived from the weekly food costs above, which is con- verted to an annual amount and adjusted for economies of scale by USDA rules as follows: +--------------------------------------------------------------+ | Single person . . . . . . . . . . . .add 20% | | Two persons . . . . . . . . . . . . .add 10% | | Three persons . . . . . . . . . . . . add 5% | | Four persons . . . . . . . . . . .no change | | Five persons . . . . . . . . . . .deduct 5% | | Six or more persons . . . . . . . deduct 10% | +--------------------------------------------------------------+ An additional adjustment for diseconomies of small households (in rent, etc.) was made as follows for the Annual Need Standard): 4.89 times the food needs for single persons 3.70 times the food needs for two-person units 3.00 times the food needs for all other units (Not adjusted for farmers; see V8067 for an income/needs measure which makes this adjustment.) 7555 = Cross-year variable number Name='WF ANN HSEWRK HRS (J5) ' 13630-13633 = Cross-year Tape Location Wife's Annual Hours of Housework % nonzero = 55.1 mean nonzero = 1,474.8 0000. Inap.; none; no wife; wife does no housework 0001-4368. Actual housework hours of wife (All missing data were assigned.) RAW DATA - 47 7556 = Cross-year variable number Name='ACC WF ANN HSEWRK HRS ' 13634 = Cross-year Tape Location Accuracy of V7555 (Wife's annual hours of housework) 99.8 0. Inap.; no wife; wife does no housework; no assignment; V7555=0 1. Minor assignment 0.2 2. Major assignment 7557 = Cross-year variable number Name='HD ANN HSEWRK HRS (J6) ' 13635-13638 = Cross-year Tape Location Head's Annual Hours of Housework % nonzero = 86.5 mean nonzero = 613.9 0000. Inap.; Head does no housework 0001-4368. Actual housework hours of Head (All missing data were assigned.) 7558 = Cross-year variable number Name='ACC HD ANN HSEWRK HRS ' 13639 = Cross-year Tape Location Accuracy of V7557 (Head's annual hours of housework) 99.2 0. Inap.; Head does no housework; no assignment; V7557=0 0.1 1. Minor assignment 0.7 2. Major assignment 7559 = Cross-year variable number Name='OTR ANN HSEWRK HRS (J10)' 13640-13643 = Cross-year Tape Location Annual Hours of Housework Done by All Others in FU % nonzero = 32.7 mean nonzero = 632.7 0000. Inap.; no others in FU; no housework done by others in FU 9999. 9,999 hours or more (All missing data were assigned.) 48 - RAW DATA 7560 = Cross-year variable number Name='ACC OTR ANN HSWRK HRS ' 13644 = Cross-year Tape Location Accuracy of V7559 (Annual hours of housework done by all others in FU) 99.5 0. Inap.; no others in FU; no housework done by others in FU; no assignment; V7559=0 0.0 1. Minor assignment 0.5 2. Major assignment 7561 = Cross-year variable number Name='# PERSONS GOT FOOD STAMP' 13645 = Cross-year Tape Location MD=9 Number of People in Household for whom Food Stamps were Issued Last Month mean nonzero = 2.6 (Household may include more people than our FU: therefore this number will not always equal V7551 (Family Size in 1981). See editing procedures. 2.6 1. One