A PANEL STUDY OF INCOME DYNAMICS: PROCEDURES AND TAPE CODES (DOCUMENTATION) 1986 INTERVIEWING YEAR VOLUME I WAVE XIX A SUPPLEMENT Conducted with Grants from the National Science Foundation, with Ad- ditional Help from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, and the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation of the Department of Health and Human Services Survey Research Center INSTITUTE FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN 1989 ii Preface This volume documents the nineteenth wave of data collected in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, interviews taken in 1986 on income for 1985. Volumes I and II of A Panel Study of Income Dynamics: 1968-1972 Interviewing Years (Waves I-V) contain tape codes, indexes, available data, questionnaires and procedures specific to our first five years of data col- lection (1968-1972). These volumes also describe the early history of the study and some of the basic procedures that are common to all nineteen years of interviewing. Fourteen supplemental volumes, including this one, cover procedures, codes and questionnaires for Waves VI-XIX. Ten volumes of findings entitled Five Thousand American Families--Patterns of Economic Progress are available, as is a volume called Years of Poverty, Years of Plenty by Greg J. Duncan and colleagues. The book covers ten years of PSID findings from 1969 through 1978. All documentation for the PSID is available from the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research, P.O. Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI, 48106. The User Guide The User Guide to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics is also dis- tributed by the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research. The guide is a supplement to the PSID Procedures and Tape Codes volumes. It clarifies recurrent areas of confusion and provides other in- formation that a researcher needs to know in order to use the panel study data effectively. The guide is in loose-leaf format and purchasers are sent updates as necessary to add to their copies. Staff Greg J. Duncan and James N. Morgan are the study's principal resear- chers. Daniel H. Hill directs the survey operations and Martha S. Hill is in charge of demographic procedures. This volume was written and compiled by Anita Ernst and Tecla C. Loup. Others responsible include Ron Amos, Bonnie Bittman, Joan Brinser, Charles Brown, Barbara Browne, Thomas Gon- zales, Peggy Gunnesch, Priscilla Hildebrandt, Margaret Hoad, Deborah S. Laren, Sarah Olsen, Anne Sears, Marita Servais, and Mary Wreford. Charles Stallman has rejoined the staff after a seven-year ab- sence. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii Section I: Procedures for the 1986 Interviewing Year . . . . . 1 Part 1: The 1986 Questionnaire, Data Processing, Interview- ing Procedures, Occupation Codes, Data Quality, In- dependent Part Samples, Weights . . . . . . . . . . 1 Part 2: 1986 Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Part 3: Editing Procedures and Worksheets . . . . . . . . . 9 Part 4: Coding Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Part 5: Generated Variables and Additional Data . . . . . . 11 Part 6: The Ego-Alter File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Part 7: Data Available . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Part 8: Creating Family-Level Data from the Cross-Year Family-Individual Tape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Part 9: PSID User Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Section II: Tape Codes for Wave XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Part 1: Nineteenth-Year Family-Level Tape Code . . . . . . . 23 Part 3: Index of the 1986 Employment Sections . . . . . . . 453 v vi 1 SECTION I PROCEDURES FOR THE 1986 INTERVIEWING YEAR Part 1: The 1986 Questionnaire, Data Processing, Interviewing Procedures, Occupation Codes, Data Quality, Independent Part Samples, Weights The 1986 Questionnaire For only the second time in PSID history the 1986 interview included a questionnaire for Wives and long-term female cohabitors.1 This allowed these women to answer for themselves the questions about their jobs, health, education, housework, childcare and so on that their husbands usually answered for them. We continued to ask about marriages, divorces, adopted and natural children. The questions were updated to account for new children and marital changes for those of whom HU questions were asked in 1985; new Heads and Wives/"Wives" were asked about all of their children, and first and last marriages. The questions about children also helped to update our family listings and determine whose children were whose and with whom they lived. The employment event dating questions from 1985 were retained. A detailed health sequence was asked for Heads and Wives/"Wives". Data Processing We continue to use direct data entry coding and find that it is economical. The system here is fully compatible with OSIRIS, and PSID tapes are released in OSIRIS format. OSIRIS interfaces with other systems (e.g., SPSS, SAS, BMDP) allow easy access. Interviewing Procedures The bulk of the 1986 interviews were taken by SRC interviewers in the field (mostly by telephone). Interviews were taken with 7018 heads of households out of a possible 7289, for an overall response rate of 96.3%. Subtracting from the base 64 respondents who had died since the last inter- view, had moved into institutions where we were not able to interview them, were too ill to be interviewed or had rejoined sample ex-spouses raised the response rate to 97.1%. This included interviews with 230 splitoffs out of a possible 257 for a response rate of 89.5 percent. For the reinterview panel only, again with the deceased, etc. removed from the base, the response rate was 97.4%. Slightly more than fifty percent of the persua- sion letters written to reluctant respondents resulted in interviews. The average length of the interview was 34.9 minutes (Table 1). Respondents were each paid $10 for their interviews and an additional $5 per family for returning an address correction postcard in January 1987. ___________________________________________________________________________ 1The PSID uses the term "wife" (in quotes) in referring to these long-term female cohabitors. 2 Occupation Codes We continue to use the 1970 Census three-digit occupation and industry codes for the current main jobs of employed Heads and Wives/"Wives." They are also used for the most recent jobs held by Heads and Wives/"Wives" who are not currently working. Additionally, these codes were used in coding the employment histories. We continue to use the Survey Research Center's two-digit occupation codes, which are brackets of the 1970 Census codes, for extra jobs held by a Head or Wife/"Wife" and for the kinds of jobs they were seeking if they were unemployed and looking for work. For com- parability to past data, one-digit occupation codes are used to code Head's first job and Head's father's occupation, since these data items were col- lected only for new Heads in 1986. Data Quality Ninety-two percent of the 1986 interviews were taken by telephone (Table 3). The remaining eight percent of respondents have no telephones, prefer personal interviews due to party lines or hearing difficulties, or live out of range of our interviewers and complete their own question- naires. The rate at which Heads responded for themselves returned to a rate (81.5%) comparable with 1984's. There is very little year-to-year variation in the number of assign- ments we must make (Table 5), so the quality of the data, according to this measure of it, continues to be good. At the urging of our Board of Overseers, we have added a new table (Table 2b) that shows response rates based on original sample individuals' response rates, both annually and cumulatively. Since there is no way of knowing how many individuals were eligible but nonresponse in 1968, we used the 1968 sample as the base for further calculations. We also included columns in Table 2b that remove the deceased from the base. Independent Part Samples The use of part samples is suggested for separating the selection of a preferred model from the assessment of its stability and power. Simple random subsamples are not independent of the rest of the sample because of the clustered nature of area probability samples. Therefore, four in- dependent quarter-samples are designated in the code (V13657). How much of the sample should be reserved for statistical testing depends on how unsure one is about the best model and how important the estimation and testing of one optimal model is felt to be. For illustrations of the results of this separation of the searching from the assessing procedures, see the volumes of findings, Five Thousand American Families--Patterns of Economic Progress, Volume I, pp. 6-8 and pp. 342-344; Volume II, Chapter 9; and Volume IV, Chapter 2 (Survey Research Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan). There are also several variables for use in defining paired strata for repeated replication of half-samples for computing sampling errors (V13658-13661). See Chapter 17 of Vol. IX of Five Thousand American Families, and Sec- tion I, Part 5 in this volume. 3 Table 1 AVERAGE LENGTH OF INTERVIEW ________________________________________________________________________ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Number of Average Length Year Interviews in Minutes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1968 4802 63 1968 4460 62 1970 4645 61 1971 4840 59 1972 5060 66 1973 5285 20 1974 5517 23 1975 5725 27 1976 5862 25 1977 6007 25 1978 6154 27 1979 6373 28 1980 6533 29 1981 6620 27 1982 6742 21 1983 6852 24 1984 6918 35 1985 7032 35 1986 7018 35 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Weights The sample was entirely reweighted in 1984 for each year of data. This is a population weight for reducing bias in estimates, not a variance weight for efficiency. See Section I, Part 5, pp. 66-71 of the wave XVII documentation or the PSID User Guide, Chapter E for a discussion of reweighting theory and techniques. Part 2: 1986 Questionnaire The 1986 questionnaire follows, with cross-year family-level variable numbers added at the appropriate questions. Certain data items have been transferred to edited worksheets, and are so indicated. See Part 3 of this section for Editing worksheets. Individual-level data items are also flagged. The 1986 questionnaire with variable numbers from the merged family tape was included in the original published documentation. It is not in- cluded in this machine readable version. You may obtain a paper version of the "1986 Questionnaire with Vari- able Numbers" by sending a request by e-mail to "psid.staff@umich.edu" or 4 Table 2a FAMILY ANNUAL AND CUMULATIVE PANEL RESPONSE RATES* ______________________________________________________________________ ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Percent Year ------------------------------------------------- Annual Cumulative ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1968 76 76 1969 89 68 1970 97 66 1971 97 64 1972 97 62 1973 97 61 1974 97 59 1975 97 57 1976 96 55 1977 97 53 1978 97 51 1979 97 49 1980 97 48 1981 97 47 1982 97 46 1983 97 45 1984 97 44 1985 96 42 1986 96 40 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- *The deceased, those too ill to be interviewed, and recombined families have not been removed from the base. by US mail to Jean Yeung, 3263 ISR, University of Michigan, PO Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248. 5 Table 2b INDIVIDUAL ANNUAL AND CUMULATIVE PANEL RESPONSE RATES ___________________________________________________________ ----------------------------------------------------------- Annual, Cumulative, Annual, Cumulative, Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Sample Included Included Removed Removed Year Size in Base in Base from Base from Base ----------------------------------------------------------- 1968 18224 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1969 16046 88.0 88.0 88.5 88.5 1970 15476 96.4 84.9 96.9 85.7 1971 15108 97.6 82.9 98.2 84.1 1972 14713 97.4 80.7 98.1 82.4 1973 14295 97.2 78.4 97.9 80.6 1974 13908 97.3 76.3 97.9 78.8 1975 13548 97.4 74.3 98.1 77.2 1976 13096 96.7 71.9 97.2 75.0 1977 12706 97.0 69.7 97.7 73.1 1978 12417 97.7 68.1 98.2 71.7 1979 12056 97.1 66.2 97.7 70.0 1980 11683 96.9 64.1 97.6 68.1 1981 11382 97.4 62.5 98.1 66.7 1982 11125 97.7 61.0 98.5 65.5 1983 10828 97.3 59.4 98.1 64.1 1984 10515 97.1 57.7 98.0 62.6 1985 10183 96.8 55.9 97.7 60.1 1986 9826 96.5 53.9 97.4 59.1 ----------------------------------------------------------- 6 Table 3 PROPORTION OF INTERVIEWS BY TELEPHONE ______________________________________________________________________ ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Number of Unweighted Year Sample Size Telephone Percent of Interviews Sample ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1968 4,802 -- -- 1969 4,460 -- -- 1970 4,645 67 1.4 1971 4,840 108 2.2 1972 5,060 134 2.6 1973 5,285 4,047 76.6 1974 5,517 4,554 82.5 1975 5,725 4,836 84.5 1976 5,862 5,360 91.4 1977 6,007 5,040 83.9 1978 6,154 5,283 85.8 1979 6,373 5,635 88.4 1980 6,533 5,829 89.2 1981 6,620 6,081 91.9 1982 6,742 6,257 92.8 1983 6,852 6,401 93.4 1984 6,918 6,369 92.1 1985 7,032 6,423 90.6 1986 7,018 6,454 92.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 Table 4 PROPORTION OF FAMILY HEADS INTERVIEWED ________________________________________________________________________ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Proportion of Year Sample Size Interviews by Head ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1968 4,802 92.6 1969 4,460 93.1 1970 4,645 93.2 1971 4,840 93.3 1972 5,060 93.5 1973 5,285 91.1 1974 5,517 90.0 1975 5,725 88.3 1976 5,862 92.6 1977 6,007 90.0 1978 6,154 90.2 1979 6,373 88.5 1980 6,533 85.8 1981 6,620 84.3 1982 6,742 83.8 1983 6,852 82.2 1984 6,918 81.0 1985 7,032 87.1 1986 7,018 81.5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8 Table 5* TOTAL ACCURACY CODES ON HUSBAND AND WIFE INCOME VARIABLES _________________________________________________________________________ ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Year of Data 0 1 2 3 4 or More Total ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1968 94.0 2.5 2.6 0.2 0.8 100.0 1969 95.6 1.6 1.9 0.1 0.8 100.0 1970 96.9 1.3 1.3 0.1 0.5 100.0 1971 97.7 0.9 0.9 0.1 0.4 100.0 1972 97.8 0.8 1.1 0.0 0.3 100.0 1973 97.9 1.1 0.7 0.1 0.2 100.0 1974 98.2 0.9 0.7 0.0 0.2 100.0 1975 98.3 0.8 0.8 0.0 0.2 100.0 1976 97.0 1.2 1.6 0.1 0.2 100.0 1977 97.4 1.1 1.2 0.0 0.3 100.0 1978 97.4 0.7 1.3 0.1 0.5 100.0 1979 96.1 0.8 2.3 0.1 0.7 100.0 1980 95.8 0.8 2.4 0.2 0.8 100.0 1981 95.6 1.2 2.5 0.2 0.4 100.0 1982 95.3 1.1 2.7 0.1 0.8 100.0 1983 94.5 1.6 2.9 0.2 0.8 100.0 1984 94.3 2.0 2.7 0.2 0.8 100.0 1985 94.2 2.9 2.3 0.2 0.4 100.0 1986 94.7 1.4 3.0 0.1 0.7 100.0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *Table 5 is based on four variables: Accuracy of Head's Labor Income (V12797 + V12802) in 1986 Accuracy of Wife's Labor Income (V12804) in 1986 Accuracy of Asset Income of Head and Wife (V12817) in 1986 Accuracy here is determined by the number of assignments made by the editors in order to recreate data missing from an interview. The more assignments, the less reliable the data. The accuracy code values and their meanings are: 0. Adequate response: No assignments made. 1. Minor assignment: Response was inadequate, but estimates could be made within a probable error of under $300 or 10 percent of the as- signment by using previous years' data or other data in the inter- view. 2. Major assignment: Response was inadequate, and estimates had a probable error of at least $300 and at least 10 percent of the value of the assignment, using any information available in previous interviews or in the current one. Usually these values were assigned from an assignment table. This table shows the sum of the accuracy codes for the three different income measures. The maximum value possible here would be eight for mar- ried couples, six for single heads. Part 3: Editing Procedures and Worksheets The editing process serves three main purposes: (1) accounting for all year-to-year changes in family membership, (2) rectifying discrepancies within the interview before coding, and (3) calculating and recording numeric data on the worksheets and interviews for coding. It is a compli- cated task requiring a high degree of accuracy, so each interview is checked by another editor. Family composition editing and occupation coding comprise the first step. Next, the massive edit of income and work is done. Any discrepan- cies that require a return trip to the field are noted, and each interview with such problems is sent back. Interviews are finally considered "clean" for coding. The full array of past interviews is available to editors, though only the past year's interview is usually consulted to solve problems. It is used when the current interview is vague, contradictory, or incomplete despite previous attempts to clarify the family's situation. Project staff closely oversee the editing process and make substantive decisions regard- ing the handling of specific problems. Most of the techniques used to edit previous waves were again used to edit Wave XIX, although the addition of employment history questions from 1984 through 1986 provided a new dimension in the editing of work weeks. Specifically, the work hours and employment histories were cross-checked for inconsistencies, and interviews were returned to the field for the resolution of discrepancies. Thus, information on annual work time is probably slightly more accurate than in the past. Additionally, questions were added beginning in 1984 to distinguish time unemployed and looking for work from time out of the labor force, so that measures of unemployment hours are cleaner. Detailed discussion of techniques for editing other variables will be found in the Waves I-V (1968-1972) documentation, Volume I, pp. 270-339. Specific changes since that time have been included annually in Section I, Part 3 of the succeed- ing documentation volumes. Family Composition Editing All people in a panel family at the time of the previous year's inter- view must be accounted for in the current year. They may remain in the family or may have moved out, died, or entered institutions. Sample mem- bers 18 or older who move out and form their own households are followed and interviewed as new panel families. In addition to the usual tasks for family composition editing, the type of institution was coded in 1985 and 1986 for those families in the armed forces, educational and health facilities, and other such institutions (V12523). The more detailed rela- tionship to Head and birthdates have been coded since 1983. Wave XIX Changes The massive edit of income and work remained similar to 1984-1985 procedures. However, data regarding all children and marriages of Heads, 9 10 Wives, "Wives", and other FU members age 12-44 were collected in 1985; this information was updated in 1986, and the editors assigned unique individual identifiers to each child or spouse mentioned in the family histories, so that links are available between parents, children, and ex-spouses for all 1985 and 1986 Heads and Wives/"Wives" and some other family unit members. ASSIGNMENT TABLES In Wave XIX we did not use inflation factors for some of our assign- ment tables, as we had in previous waves. The tables were simply drawn using the unweighted data from the last year (Wave XVIII). PRORATION VARIABLES FOR INCOME Family members with income may move in or out of the family during the preceding calendar year. The PSID codes only part-year income for such in- dividuals who are not current Heads/Wives/"Wives". Thus, although the family's total income is correct, individual incomes represent only the in- come received while a person was part of a panel family. This has implica- tions for tax liability estimates, as well. See Part 5 of this section for more detail on taxes. To allow users to calculate actual annual incomes of these in- dividuals, the editors coded proration percentages (V12943, V12948, V12953, V12958, and V12963) for each other earner's taxable income. The Sequence Number of each other earner was also coded (V12942, V12947, V12952, V12957, and V12962). For transfer income of these other family members, we merely coded a whole-year total (V12983). The 1986 edit worksheets with variable numbers from the merged family tape was included in the original published documentation. It is not in- cluded in this machine readable version. You may obtain a paper version of the "1986 Edit Worksheets with Vari- able Numbers" by sending a request by e-mail to "psid.staff@umich.edu" or by US mail to Jean Yeung, 3263 ISR, University of Michigan, PO Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248. 11 Part 4: Coding Procedures Production coding the questionnaire is the final step in putting the data onto computer tape. This occurs after the questionnaire has been edited as described in Part 3 above. The coding process converts non- numerical answers into numerical values. Coders entered the edited variables and coded the questionnaire using the system designed by the Computer Support Group at ISR's Survey Research Center for direct data entry. The system, Interactive System for Input of Survey Data (ISISD), is compatible with ISR's OSIRIS analysis package and has been used by the PSID for seven years. It incorporates wild code checking and data consistency checking into the actual coding process. These checks insure that coders cannot enter invalid code values, and thus the necessity of later data cleaning by the Panel Study staff is greatly reduced. This section deals only with the question of reliability, or inter- coder variance. Reliability is the measure of ambiguity of codes as well as accuracy of the coders. Approximately 10 percent of the interviews (711) were coded twice, once by the coder and a second time by a Panel Study staff member or a check coder. Check coding consists of an item-by- item check of all data values for a case which have been independently coded by a second person, thus enabling the study staff to determine early in the processing whether any individual coder is having difficulty and whether some codes are causing problems. Coders are trained by a member of the study staff before they are al- lowed to production-code interviews. Training begins with a short intro- duction on the history and purpose of the study and a question-and-answer session. The coders code two practice interviews which have been coded previously by the study staff member. The coders and the study staff mem- ber review the practice interviews in detail, discussing any coding dif- ferences with particular emphasis on problems that could arise during production coding and responses that may present coding difficulty. A difference is a disagreement between the coder and the check coder. Differences become errors when so judged by the check coder; for example, a coder may use an erroneous code value, enter a wrong digit on the terminal keyboard, or miss a specific direction in the code book. Some disagree- ments are not errors. They involve coding of open-ended questions; deci- sions on the final codes chosen rest with the study staff member. Coding Differences for Wave XIX Coding reliability rates were excellent for 1986. The overall dif- ference rate was 2.38 per case. The error rate was .59 per interview. Part 5: Generated Variables and Additional Data Various indexes, bracket variables, and complex measures of economic status have been constructed each year using variables derived directly from coded interview data. Inter-year changes in the interview schedule have made additions and deletions of indexes necessary. In general, if an 12 index could not be built to be exactly comparable to a previous index, no index was constructed. Income Several measures of economic status have been generated for all nineteen years, including money income variables and measures of income adequacy. Family Money Income, one of the simplest indexes, is the total of all members' earnings, transfers, and asset income from the prior calen- dar year (1986: V13623). Bracket (Interval) Variables Until Wave X (1977), several numerical variables, such as family money income, had been given also as bracket (interval) codes. Such interval codes had been constructed for most of the measures where a distribution was useful and appropriate. This includes practically all of the income variables and their components. For Waves X-XIX we have provided two pieces of information in the family-level tape code which allow users to bracket as their own uses dictate: (1) weighted percent of nonzero cases, and (2) weighted mean value of those cases. This information is provided for any variable which was bracketed in 1976, as well as for almost all other field amounts. Regional Data Measures In addition to personality and behavior, locational and environmental factors are potentially important determinants of an individual's economic status. Consequently, the interview data have been supplemented with in- formation on some employment and income characteristics of the county in which the panel family resides (V13662-V13664). Questionnaires are sent each year to state employment offices asking about current labor market conditions in these counties. Sampling Error Computation Unit (SECU) Variables The 1986 data tape includes two variables that may be used for com- putation of variances (V13658-V13659), as well as two variables for balanced half-sample replication (V13660-V13661). Please see the 1983 Documentation Volume, pp. 89-90, for details. New Heads and New Wives/"Wives" Two variables were generated for 1983 through 1986 that indicate the year in which the current Head most recently became Head (1986: V13668) and the year in which the current Wife/"Wife" most recently became Wife/"Wife" (1986: V13669). (It is possible that an individual becomes Head or Wife/ "Wife" more than once in the course of the panel due to marital breakups, reconciliations and remarriages.) These variables contain as code values the last two digits of the year in which the background data for Heads or Wives/"Wives" was most recently asked. In 1986, most background informa- tion was reasked. All Wives/"Wives" answered these data items afresh for the 1985 interview; therefore, V13669 equals 85 for most cases. New Wives/ 13 "Wives" were asked the entire sequence and thus have values of 86 for this variable. New Heads were, as usual, asked the entire sequence (V13534-V13606). For 1985 Heads who were also Heads in 1984, however, only V11924-V11981 were asked in 1985. The values for 1985 V11907-V11923 were simply trans- ferred from previous years' data, as most of these items should not change from year to year. Variable 13668 has as its value the year in which these items were most recently collected. Family Composition and Sample Member Data The variable Couple Status of Head (V13667) allows users to easily identify cases with female Heads and husbands at the family level. Ad- ditionally, through the coding of relationship to Head in more detail, long-term female cohabitors ("wives") are distinguishable from legally mar- ried couples at the family level. The variable Head and Spouse Sample Status (V13670) allows the user to know how the family-level weight (V13686) has been calculated for each case. The family-level weight is defined as the average of the Head's and the Wife's/"Wife's" individual weights; nonsample individuals have weights of zero. See the section below for more detail on calculation of weights. Weights for 1968-1986 In 1968, the original set of family weights was created to reflect differential sampling fractions, overlap of the Census and ISR samples, and initial response rates by area. At the beginning of the study, each in- dividual's chance of being in the sample was the same as that of his or her family's and so individual and family weights were identical in 1968.1 ___________________________________________________________________________ 1In later years, individual-level and family-level weights diverged as families regrouped through marriages of sample and nonsample individuals to each other. The family-level weights are generated from the individual- level weights; the family weight equals the mean of the head's and spouse/ cohabitor's individual weights. Thus, in a family with a single head (no spouse/cohabitor present), the family weight is identical with that head's individual weight. For couples, there are a few possible situations: a) Head and spouse/cohabitor are both sample members, their individual weights are identical, and therefore the family weight is also identi- cal. b) Head and spouse/cohabitor are both sample members, but their weights are not identical; the family weight is the average of the two individual weights. c) Head and spouse/cohabitor are not both sample; one of the two has moved into a sample household. The family weight, therefore, is equal to half that of the sample individual. In this imperfect world, we have mistakenly, on rare occasions, interviewed families where neither head nor spouse/cohabitor is sample. In such cases, the remainder of the family listing is scanned for sample mem- bers, and the family weight becomes the average of all such persons' 14 Since that time, individual-level weights were periodically adjusted for subsequent nonresponse in 1972 and 1978, and, at the family level, the weights were additionally adjusted each year for marriages to and divorces from nonsample spouses. Thus, individual-level weights were carried for- ward intact in years when no new nonresponse adjustments were made, al- though, as stated above, the family-level weights were modified when neces- sary. No adjustment was made for mortality, however, and as a result our weights, particularly for older people, were becoming increasingly too large. In 1984, using the complete file of all individuals ever connected with the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we produced mortality-corrected individual-level and family-level weights for each year of data (1968- 1984).2 The revisions performed in 1984 involved adjusting the family-level and individual-level weights for 1969, 1974, 1979, and 1984 to take account of mortality. The adjustments used individual-level weights and were based on expected mortality,3 as actual mortality is not currently known with certainty. Since annual mortality for most segments of the population has been quite modest, five-year adjustments were deemed sufficient. The five- year periodicity for updating the weight generally seemed adequate for non- response adjustments as well. Annual response rates were quite high (96 or 97 percent) in all years except 1968 and 1969. The lower response rates in 1969 prompted us to estimate a separate weight adjustment for 1969, and the high response rates of subsequent years allowed us to follow a pattern of five-year readjustments for the years following 1969. Thus, for 1986, the simple updating occurred. New mortality adjustments will again be made in 1989. For more information on the complete reweighting in 1984, see the Wave XVII (1984) Documentation Volume, pp. 66-71. Linking Data: Splitoffs For the 1981 through 1986 waves, data have been provided to assist the user in linking splitoff information with that of their main families. The family-level data for each main family in 1986 (V12507=0) contain values for V13671 representing the actual number of successfully interviewed 1986 splitoff families from each main family. Thus, splitoff nonresponse cases are not included. On each splitoff data record (V12507=1), the family por- tion of the record contains the current year's interview number (V12502) of the associated main family at V13672; the individual-level record of each ___________________________________________________________________________ weights. If no sample members are in the family, then the family weight equals zero. 2The 1969 family-level weight was heretofore nonexistent. A variable was added for this (V1014), as there were a few unused tape locations be- tween the 1969 and 1970 family-level data. The tape locations for this new variable are 1037-1038. 3Expected mortality rates were derived from the Life Tables published in Vital Statistics of the United States (USGPO: 1969, 1974, 1979 and 1984; Table 5-1). 15 member of a splitoff family also contains this interview number (V30549), as well as month and year the splitoff family was formed (V30547 and V30548). Month and year in which the splitoff family was formed are derived from actual move-out dates of splitoff individuals as reported on the main family coversheets. Thus, in the relatively rare event that two or more individuals move at different times from the main family to form one splitoff family, each individual receives his or her actual date of move as code values for V30547 and V30548. Any other splitoff individuals who did not move out of a main family but simply appeared for the first time in the splitoff family, such as nonsample spouses, friends, miscellaneous rela- tives and newborn children, receive the move-out date given for the splitoff mover-out. When, rarely, more than one splitoff mover-out date exists, these new persons receive the earlier one. For those individuals who move from institutions to form their own splitoff families, code values of 98 are inserted into the tape locations for both month and year, and the miscellaneous other splitoff family mem- bers appearing for the first time in the study receive missing data code values of 99 for these month and year variables. Linking Data: Families Sharing Households It is not uncommon for two or more family units to share living quarters. Panel families involved in such a situation may live with per- sons or families who are not sample members and who are not included by the study as family members because the arrangement is supposedly temporary and the situation resembles that of roommates, where expenses are split between the individuals involved. However, the members of one panel family may also move in with the members of another panel family. Financial disasters such as divorce and unemployment contribute heavily to such patterns of be- havior. Most frequently, a former splitoff child already being interviewed separately returns home to live with panel parents for a period of time un- til resuming life on his or her own. Occasionally, siblings who are each being interviewed move in together to share an apartment, or aging panel parents go to live with their panel children. We continue to interview each of these smaller groups separately, as if they were living apart. To allow users the opportunity of utilizing the data set for such situations, several link variables have been created since 1982. For 1986, a new variable, Current Household Composition (V12516), was coded to flag cases where this sharing occurred. In 1982-1985, the sharing was indicated by Current Family Composition (1985: V11117). Because some information on family composition was lost by doing this, we decided to code family and household compositions separately. The household code for 1986 differentiates between both panel and non- panel primary and secondary families living in the same households. Codes 4, 6, and 8 indicate that such an arrangement exists between panel families. As many as four panel families lived under the same roof at the time of the 1986 interview, and thus there are three sets of linking vari- ables so that all panel families living together are linked in every pos- sible direction. V13673, V13676, and V13679 contain the 1986 interview 16 number or ID number (V12502) of each of these other families. In addition, variables describing kinship ties between these families (V13674, V13677, and V13680) and the family size (V12763) of each of the other families was included with these linking variables (V13675, V13678, and V13681). Another variable was added beginning in 1985--Household ID Number (1986: V13682). This variable is simply the 1986 ID Number (V12502) for all data records where no sharing with other panel families occurred. If sharing with other panel families did occur, then Household ID Number equals the 1986 ID Number of the family with the lowest value among each group of families. Because there has been little chance of identifying such household sharing for waves II-XIV (1969-1981), similar variables have been retroac- tively created for each of these waves (1969: V1015; 1970: V1766; 1971: V2345; 1972: V2979; 1973: V3310; 1974: V3730; 1975: V4231; 1976: V5113; 1977: V5681; 1978: V6220; 1979: V6814; 1980: V7456; 1981: V8110). Taxes This year and each year since the 1980 wave, taxes of Head, Wife/ "Wife" and other earners have been generated by computer. In previous years they were constructed during the editing process. Because the 1985 Documentation Volume summarizes in detail the procedures used for calculation of taxes in that wave (1984 tax year) on pages 91-100, we list here only changes made for 1986 (1985 tax year). 1) Adjusted Gross Income The procedure for calculation of adjusted gross income (AGI) is iden- tical with last year's, except that the taxable portion of head's (V12837) and wife's/"wife's" (V12858) retirement income exclusive of Social Security and Veterans Administration pensions is set at 82 percent of its total.4 2) Itemized Deductions From the 1984 interviewing year through the present, heads were asked whether they itemized on their federal tax returns (1986: V13406). For those answering yes, we estimate itemized deductions as equal to a given percentage of their AGI, with the percentage varying by the size of AGI. The percentages used this year follow below. These percentages were calculated as the aggregate amounts, by AGI class, of itemized deductions divided by AGI, taken from Statistics of Income - 1985, Table 2.1. The percentage used for those with AGI of less than $15,000 was calculated using only the aggregates for the $10,000-$14,999 ___________________________________________________________________________ 4This was the ratio, over all income classes, of pension and annuity income in AGI to total pension and annuity income, using the data from Table 1.4 of Internal Revenue Service, Statistics of Income - 1985, In- dividual Income Tax Returns, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Of- fice, 1987. 17 __________________________________________________________________________ -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Itemized Deductions AGI as a Percent of AGI -------------------------------------------------------------------------- less than $15,000 47.8 $15,000-$19,999 35.6 $20,000-$24,999 29.2 $25,000-$29,999 26.2 $30,000-$34,999 24.4 $35,000-$39,999 23.5 $40,000-$44,999 23.6 $45,000-$49,999 23.1 $50,000-$54,999 23.0 $55,000-$59,999 23.5 $60,000-$74,999 23.4 $75,000-$99,999 24.0 $100,000-$199,999 24.4 $200,000-$499,999 23.7 $500,000-$999,999 23.1 $1,000,000 or more 20.3 group in Table 2.1, as too many cases of itemizers with AGI below $10,000 were suspect. Zero bracket amounts increased from last year to $2,390 for single persons and heads of households and $3,450 for married couples filing jointly. The probabilities of itemizing, however, which can be expected to vary significantly not only with income but also with homeownership, were generated from the 1986 family-level data, giving the probability distribu- tions for itemization by AGI class as shown below. ______________________________________________________________________ ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Homeowners Homeowners with without AGI Renters Mortgages Mortgages ---------------------------------------------------------------------- less than $5,000 6.7% 17.4% 15.1% $5,000-$9,999 9.4 44.4 30.1 $10,000-$14,999 17.1 54.3 40.2 $15,000-$19,999 21.9 67.2 45.3 $20,000-$24,999 25.2 68.7 54.3 $25,000-$29,999 37.0 84.9 56.8 $30,000-$34,999 45.7 84.9 73.4 $35,000-$39,999 53.3 87.4 62.2 $40,000-$44,999 62.1 87.9 61.1 $45,000-$49,999 61.2 92.7 80.0 $50,000-$54,999 61.2 96.9 80.0 $55,000-$59,999 84.2 94.6 86.5 $60,000-$74,999 84.2 99.4 86.5 $75,000-$99,999 84.2 97.3 97.6 $100,000 or more 84.2 96.6 97.6 18 The percent itemizers was calculated as the number answering yes to V13406 divided by the sum of the number answering either yes or no. The denominator excluded those not answering or who didn't know whether they had itemized. The percent for those with AGI of less than $5,000 was based only on those whose AGI was also above zero. 3) Dependents and Exemptions There were no changes to this procedure as described in the 1985 documentation volume, but the allowance per exemption was increased to $1,040 for 1986 (1985 tax year). 4) Filing Status No changes were made to this procedure. 5) Marginal Tax Rates and Tax Payments before Credits If other family members were present in the family for only part of the year, their incomes represent only that portion for the time they were present. In the 1985 wave, their marginal tax rates were assigned and tax payments calculated by our program using the part-year incomes and, because of the progressivity of the income tax, were somewhat distorted. We now incorporate an adjustment to tax liability by applying the percent prora- tion variables (V12942, V12947, V12952, V12957, V12962) to the PSID "Tax- able Income" variables. Otherwise, our procedure is identical with last year's. 6) Tax Credits Earned income credit. For tax year 1985 this credit is equal to 11 percent of the first $5,000 of earned income, less 12.2 percent of the ex- cess over $6,500 of the greater of earned income or AGI. This credit then cannot exceed $550 and falls to zero at earned income or AGI of $11,000. Tax credit for the elderly. This credit remained the same as last year's. Institutionalization To facilitate analysis regarding family units living in institutions, a variable (1986: V12523) was coded for 1985 and 1986. This variable indi- cates the type of institution in which the family resides. Thus, the analyst will no longer have to employ oblique methods of separating out such cases. Families who are not in institutions but who have some member in educational facilities, the Armed Forces, prison, or health care facilities might be incurring some financial responsibility for such members. Thus, four variables (V13653-V13656) count the number of members in each of the above-mentioned types of institutions. A very few families may have some members in other types of institutions, such as religious houses, but no counting variable was generated at the family level because the number of such cases is negligible. 19 FIPS State and County Codes and Beale's Urbanicity Code Population density of the area in which the family lives is a very im- portant item. The urbanicity code (V13634) devised by Calvin Beale and Peggy Ross of the USDA has been added to 1985 and 1986 data to facilitate this. Also, the FIPS system of coding state and county (V13632-V13633) as used by Beale to assign urbanicity was added to the data, but we retain our usual state and county codes with V12503-V12505. Appendix 1, pages 701-721 of A Panel Study of Income Dynamics, Procedures and Tape Codes, 1985 Inter- viewing Year, Vol. I, lists the FIPS codes and the ways in which they dif- fer from the PSID's codes. Marriage and Fertility Histories--Family-Level Variables In order to save space in the 1986 data, very few variables are avail- able at the family level regarding fertility histories. We have simply counted the number of children born during calendar year 1985 to Head only (V13683), Wife/"Wife" only (V13684), Head and Wife/"Wife" jointly (V13685), and other family members (V13686). These totals are based on both 1985 and 1986 reports. No marriage history variables are included at the family level for 1986. Marriage and Fertility Histories--Individual-Level Summary Variables Each individual about whom we have information from a parent, whether the individual is currently response or nonresponse, has the individual identifiers of his or her parents (V32009, V32010 for mother; V32016, V32017 for father) on his or her record. The total number of children of the parent (V32012 for mother, V32019 for father), birth weight of the in- dividual (V32014), and birth order with each parent (V32013 for mother and V32020 for father) are also included. The data record for each individual whose marital and fertility his- tories were collected, that is, a 1985 or 1986 Head, Wife, "Wife", or other FU member age 12-44, contains birth dates of the four youngest and the oldest children (V32023-V32032), as well as the total number of births (V32022). Marriage data include the total number of marriages (V32033), month and year dates, and outcomes of the first and last marriages (V32034- V32047). The final variable is the marital status of the individual (V32048). Part 6: The Ego-Alter File The ego-alter file is a special file containing more detail about marital and fertility histories than is available on the main file. Be- cause the number of children and marriages reported varied so ranging from no children or marriages for an individual to seven marriages or twenty children, because not all users will be interested in the full detail, and because the size of the dataset already creates considerable constraints for users, summary variables regarding children and marriages were added to the main file data at both the family and individual levels. These should suffice for much analysis and are described above. However, we are aware 20 that some users will need all of the detail, and so we are making it avail- able as a separate dataset--the ego-alter file--that can be merged with our family-individual data. The ego-alter data are so named because each record contains one rela- tionship--one marriage between a pair of individuals, a natural parent- child relationship, an adoption, or substitute parenting. The ego is the individual who is the reporting spouse or parent. The alter is the in- dividual about whom the relationship was reported. The user can merge data based on either the ego or the alter identifiers. These identifiers are those always used in the PSID: the 1968 ID number (V30001) combined with the person number (V30002). This combination of identifiers allows the user to uniquely identify any individual ever in a panel family. All egos were present in a 1985 or 1986 family, but the alters may have been in the same or a different family or nonresponse, or may never have been included in a panel family. We issue a documentation volume for the ego-alter file that is available by request through the same channels as our main data tapes. This volume describes the data in much more detail, and tape codes are included. The length of each ego-alter record is short, including variables for month and year dates of births, marriages, deaths of children, children moving in and out, divorces, separations, and widowhood; where a natural, raised or adopted child was at the time the birth information was asked (both 1985 and 1986), relationship of an adoptive parent to a child (both 1985 and 1986), relationship of a substitute parent to a child (1985 only), and the mother's program participation when pregnant with a child (1985 only). Part 7: Data Available For each year of this study, both an individual-level and a family- level tape have been created. In addition, the family-level tape has been merged with the previous years' family tapes so that there are two through nineteen-year merged family-level tapes. The individual-level tapes were merged on five through nineteen-year bases only. These tapes contain all individuals with data in the current year. Additionally, for 1984 through 1986 we have created much expanded versions of the data that include all individuals ever in the study; that is to say, data for all nonresponse in- dividuals are available as a separate file that can be merged with the usual data. A request for the nineteen-year family-individual data will result in the user's being sent both files of individuals, unless he specifies otherwise. See the introduction to the individual-level tape code in Section II, Part 2 of this volume. For a more detailed description of all of the tapes, see the User Guide to the PSID. Two tapes were also created using the 1967 S.E.O. data for the part of the sample that was originally interviewed by the Census. The new employment histories with event dating include a fairly large amount of data for some Heads and Wives/"Wives" who experienced several job changes. Thus, some cases do not include complete histories, from January 1983 until the time of the 1986 interview, on the merged tape. A separate tape has been created for all Heads and Wives/"Wives" in 1984 through 1986. This tape contains the additional employment history data, if any, as well 21 as the complete family-level record. Each Head and each Wife/"Wife" have a complete record, so for married couples, the family-level data are dupli- cated for the two persons. The ego-alter data on fertility and marriage histories are also available. Refer to Part 6 above for a brief descrip- tion. All inquiries for information about this study should be made in writ- ing to: Member Services, Inter-University Consortium for Political and So- cial Research, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, P.O. Box 1248, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106. Refer to ICPSR study number 7439, and please specify to which datasets you are referring. Part 8: Creating Family-Level Data from the Cross-Year Family-Individual Tape Since the nineteen-year individual-level data tape is very unwieldy with 35,585 cases for both current response and nonresponse and 25,236 tape locations, and users might well be interested in analyzing the data largely on a family-level basis, we have appended suggestions here on the creation of family files from the cross-year family-individual tapes. The structure of the individual-level tape combines family-level data for each person in the family unit together with information unique to that person. That is to say, each member of a family has family-level data identical with the data of all the other family members in that family. The following instructions remove the duplication of these data. Each in- dividual is assigned a unique sequence number, which indicates the person's position and status on the 1986 list of family members; thus, the first person listed, the Head of the family, is 01, the second person listed is 02, and so on. To create a family-level file, it is necessary only to write onto a new tape those cases where V30517 (1986 Sequence Number) = 01, since each family must have at least one member, although it may or may not have two or more. It is suggested that V30517 be used instead of V30518, Relationship to Head, because although each family has one and only one current Head (i.e., where V30517 = 01-20 and V30518 = 10), it is possible that the prior year's Head of the family has moved out since the previous interview and a new Head is present for the current interview. Relation- ship to Head for movers-out is coded with reference to the previous year's Head, so for both the current Head and the previous Head, V30518 = 10. One may also, when creating the family-level tape, truncate the data at V13687, since most individual-level variables for the Head are also present at the family level. These instructions create a merged 1968-1986 family-level file for currently response families. For other years' merged family-level files, the response and non- response individual files must be concatenated, and the Sequence Number variable for the latest desired year of data should be used. Again, this produces a file of families who were response in this latest year and eliminates families who had already become nonresponse. Part 9: PSID User Guide The PSID staff has completed a User Guide to the panel study. The volume was designed to supplement, but not replace, the documentation 22 volumes issued for each year's data. It is published in a loose-leaf form, so that updates can easily be made as the need arises. Chapters in the User Guide cover PSID history, sample composition and weighting, how to deal with family composition and change, structure of the data tapes, study content, and other topics of interest to users. The User Guide is included with the set of documentation volumes that accompany an order for PSID tapes and can be ordered separately as well. For information on obtaining the User Guide, and other PSID products, contact Janet Vavra, Inter- University Consortium for Political and Social Research, P.O. Box 1248, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48106 (313) 763-5010. SECTION II TAPE CODES FOR WAVE XIX Part 1: Nineteenth-Year Family-Level Tape Code The following is the codebook for the nineteenth wave of family-level data from the interview schedule. The nineteen-year individual-level codebook will be found in Part 2 of this section. The variable numbers and tape locations refer to those on the l968-1986 cross-year tape. For family-level codes for the first five waves of this study, see A Panel Study of Income Dynamics, Volume II, Section II. The remainder of the family-level codes for Waves VI through XVIII will be found in successive volumes entitled A Panel Study of Income Dynamics: Procedures and Tape Codes. The distributions for the following variables are weighted and based on all families interviewed in 1986. To generate distributions on field amounts, percent nonzero and mean nonzero values are provided for relevant variables. Tape Code Information The example below illustrates the information contained in this codebook for a typical variable. The numbers in brackets do not appear in the codebook, but refer to the explanations which follow this example. [1] V12509 [2] 'MODE OF INTERVIEW 86' [3] TLOC= 21789 [4] MD=9 [5] Mode of Interview in 1986 [10]----- [11]---- [6] [7] [8] [9] 547 5.8 0. Personal interview 6,454 94.0 1. Telephone interview 17 0.3 2. Mail interview 9. NA [1] Indicates the cross-year variable number. A variable number is as- signed to each item in the study. (See the introduction to the numerical index, Section III, Part 1 of this volume, for a list of the range of variable numbers specific to each year.) [2] Indicates the abbreviated variable name (maximum of 24 characters) used in the OSIRIS system to identify the variable for the user. This abbreviated variable name is identical to the variable name listed in the OSIRIS dictionary for this variable. It is also 23 24 listed as a subheading of the printout when a variable is accessed in an OSIRIS program. When used in this manner, the abbreviated variable name can be useful as a cross-reference tool, as well as a way to avoid errors. Refer to the list of abbreviations below for some help in translating the names into sensible English. [3] Indicates the starting location and ending location for this vari- able when the data are stored on a magnetic tape in the OSIRIS for- mat. [4] Indicates the code value for missing data. In this example, code values equalling nine are missing data (MD=9). Alternative state- ments for other variables are "MD=0 or GE 8" or "MD=GE 7." In cases where nothing is printed in this space, missing data are not per- mitted for the variable; values were either assigned for such cases, or missing data were impossible. Some analysis software packages (including the OSIRIS software package) require that certain types of data which the user desires to exclude from analysis can be designated as "missing data," e.g., inappropriate, unascertained, or ambiguous data categories. Al- though these codes have been defined by the PSID staff as missing data categories, this does not mean that the user should not or can- not use them in a substantive role if so desired. [5] Indicates the full question number that was used in the question- naire, as well as the exact wording of the questionnaire item; for variables not coded directly from the questionnaire, such as generated data, an appropriate title appears here. [6] Indicates the unweighted N for each code value. Blanks indicate that no cases have this value. [7] Indicates the weighted percentages for each code value. Blanks in- dicate that no cases have this value. [8] Indicates the code values occurring in the data for this variable. For variables containing field amounts, refer to the notes appearing directly below items [10] and [11] for the range of data values. [9] Indicates the textual definitions of the codes. Abbreviations com- monly used in the code definitions are "DK" (Don't Know), "NA" (Not Ascertained), and "Inap." (Inappropriate). [10] Indicates the "% nonzero" value, where specified. These are weighted. [11] Indicates the "mean nonzero" value, where specified. These are weighted. 25 List of Standardizations of Common Abbreviations Used by the Panel Study in Generating Variable Names with OSIRIS (see item 2 above) ACC . . . . . Accuracy ACCT . . . . . Account ACUM . . . . . Accumulate ANN . . . . . Annual BEN . . . . . Benefit(s) BUS . . . . . Business CHKPNT . . . . Checkpoint CNTY . . . . . County COMM . . . . . Commission COMP . . . . . Composition; Compensation COMPL . . . . Complete(d) CONDITN . . . Condition CONTR . . . . Contribut(e/ion) CORP . . . . . Corporation CR . . . . . . Care CS . . . . . . Coversheet CVD . . . . . Covered DED . . . . . Deduct(ed/ion) DEF . . . . . Deferred DEG . . . . . Degree DIGT . . . . . Digit DIV . . . . . Dividends E . . . . . . Section of questionnaire (Sec- tion C or F) applying to those who are currently employed EARNR . . . . Earner EDUC . . . . . Education ELIG . . . . . Eligible EMP(R) . . . . Employed; Employer EXC . . . . . Except EXEMP . . . . Exemption(s) FA . . . . . . Father FAM . . . . . Family FD ST . . . . Food Stamps FORML . . . . Formula FR . . . . . . From GOVT . . . . . Government H or HD . . . Head HOSP . . . . . Hospital(ized) HR(S) . . . . Hour(s) HSEWRK . . . . Housework HTG . . . . . Heating ILL . . . . . Illness IND . . . . . Industry; Individual INHER . . . . Inherit(ance/ed) IN(S) . . . . Insurance INT . . . . . Interest IW . . . . . . Interview LAB or LAB FRC Labor; Labor Force LF . . . . . . Life LFT . . . . . Left LGST . . . . . Largest 26 LK(G) . . . . Look(ed); Looking LST . . . . . Last LTR . . . . . Later LVG . . . . . Living MARR . . . . . Marriage; Married MED . . . . . Medical MKT GARDN . . Market Gardening MNY . . . . . Money MO . . . . . . Mother; Month MORT or MTG . Mortgage MOS . . . . . Months MTRL . . . . . Maternity Leave NONFU . . . . Non-Family Unit Member OCC . . . . . Occupation OFUM . . . . . Other Family Unit Member (other than current Head/Wife/ "Wife") OPP . . . . . Opportunity OT . . . . . . Overtime OTR . . . . . Other person(s); Other PAY/HR . . . . Hourly rate, in dollars and cents PD . . . . . . Paid PEN(S) . . . . Pension PERM . . . . . Permanent(ly) PLN . . . . . Plan PMNT . . . . . Payment PN . . . . . . Person Number POS . . . . . Position PRAC . . . . . Practice PRES . . . . . Present PREV . . . . . Previous PRIN . . . . . Principal PROF . . . . . Professional PROFT . . . . Profit PROP . . . . . Property PT . . . . . . Part; Portion; Private PY . . . . . . Pay(s) R . . . . . . Section of questionnaire (Sec- tion E or H) applying to those who are currently retired, housewives, or students REC(D) . . . . Receive(d) RELS . . . . . Relatives REM . . . . . Remaining RET . . . . . Retire(d); Retirement RL EST . . . . Real Estate RQ . . . . . . Require(d) SK . . . . . . Sick S/O . . . . . Splitoff SPG . . . . . Spring ST . . . . . . Start(ed); State STAT . . . . . Status STD . . . . . Standard 27 SUBSDY . . . . Subsidy SUPP(S) . . . Support; Supplement(s) SUPR . . . . . Supervis(e/or) TOT . . . . . Total TR Y . . . . . Transfer Income TX . . . . . . Tax TXBL Y . . . . Taxable Income U . . . . . . Section of questionnaire (Sec- tion D or G) applying to those who are currently unemployed and looking for work UN . . . . . . Union UNEMP . . . . Unemployed; unemployment UNINCORP . . . Unincorporated UTIL . . . . . Utility; Utilities VAC . . . . . Vacation W or WF . . . Wife WELFR . . . . Welfare WHR . . . . . Where WK . . . . . . Week WRK(D) . . . . Work(ed) WRKG . . . . . Working WRKHRS . . . . Work Hours WT . . . . . . Weight WTR . . . . . Whether; if X . . . . . . Times; cross (as in cross- year) XPCT . . . . . Expect XTRA . . . . . Extra Y . . . . . . Income # . . . . . . Number (of) 28 1986 FAMILY TAPE CODE V12501 'STUDY NUMBER (713) ' TLOC= 21769-21771 Study Number 698 (Wave 19) V12502 '1986 INTERVIEW NUMBER ' TLOC= 21772-21775 1986 Interview Number The range of values for this variable is 0001-7018. V12503 'CURRENT STATE ' TLOC= 21776-21777 MD=99 State of Residence at Time of 1986 Interview (PSID Code) Please refer to Appendix 1, Wave XIV documentation volume (1981 data), for state and county codes. 99. NA V12504 'CURRENT COUNTY ' TLOC= 21778-21780 MD=999 County of Residence at Time of 1986 Interview (PSID Code) Please refer to Appendix 1, Wave XIV documentation volume (1981 data), for state and county codes. 999. NA V12505 'CURRENT STATE+CNTY ' TLOC= 21781-21785 MD=99999 State and County of Residence at Time of 1986 Interview (PSID Code) Please refer to Appendix 1, Wave XIV documentation volume (1981) data), for state and county codes. V12503 and V12504 are combined here into one variable; the first two digits represent the state code and the last three, the county. V12506 'SIZE LGST CITY/SMSA 86' TLOC= 21786 MD=9 Size of Largest City in County of Residence 1,711 18.2 1. SMSA: largest city 500,000 or more 1,756 25.7 2. SMSA: largest city 100,000-499,999 733 11.0 3. SMSA: largest city 50,000-99,999 739 13.1 4. Non-SMSA: largest city 25,000-49,999 932 15.3 5. Non-SMSA: largest city 10,000-24,999 1,121 16.3 6. Non-SMSA: largest city under 10,000 26 0.4 9. NA; household is outside USA V12507 'SPLITOFF INDICATOR 86' TLOC= 21787 29 30 - RAW DATA Splitoff Indicator: Color of Coversheet 6,788 97.0 0. Peach (Main Family) 230 3.0 1. Tan (Splitoff) V12508 'WHETHER REFUSED 86' TLOC= 21788 MD=9 Whether Initially Refused in 1986 6,959 99.4 0. Never refused 58 0.6 1. Refused at least once 1 0.0 9. NA V12509 'MODE OF INTERVIEW 86' TLOC= 21789 MD=9 Mode of Interview in 1986 547 5.8 0. Personal interview 6,454 94.0 1. Telephone interview 17 0.3 2. Mail interview 9. NA V12510 'FAM COMP CHANGE 86' TLOC= 21790 MD=9 Family Composition Change between 1985 and 1986 Codes 2 through 8 take priority over codes 0 and 1. 5,358 79.2 0. No change; no movers-in or movers-out of the family. 1,025 12.7 1. Change in members other than Head or Wife/"Wife" only. 177 2.3 2. Head is the same person as in 1985 but Wife/"Wife" left or died; Head has new Wife/"Wife"; used also when cohabiting, nonrelative female becomes "Wife." 106 1.7 3. Wife/"Wife" from 1985 is now Head. 115 1.0 4. 1985 female Head got married--husband (usually a nonsample member) is now Head. Used also when cohabiting, nonrelative male becomes Head. 189 2.5 5. Some sample member other than 1985 Head or Wife/ "Wife" has become Head of this FU. (Used primarily for male and unmarried female splitoffs.) 46 0.5 6. Some female other than 1985 Head got married and her husband (nonsample member) is now Head. (Used primarily for married female splitoffs.) 7. Female Head in 1985 with husband in institution-- husband in FU in 1986 and is now Head. 2 0.0 8. Other (used for recombined families--these are usually 1968 Heads and Wives who have parted for a year or more, been interviewed separately, and who have reconciled at some time since the 1985 inter- view but prior to the 1986 interview. RAW DATA - 31 V12511 'NUMBER MOVED IN 86' TLOC= 21791 Number of Persons Who Moved Into FU between 1985 and 1986 mean nonzero = 1.4 6,044 88.9 0. Inap.; none; no change in family composition (V12510=0) 693 8.1 1. One 170 2.1 2. Two 70 0.6 3. Three 28 0.2 4. Four 6 0.0 5. Five 5 0.1 6. Six 2 0.0 7. Seven 8. Eight 9. Nine or more V12512 'WHO MOVED IN 86' TLOC= 21792 Relationship to 1986 Head of Person(s) who Moved Into FU between 1985 and 1986 If more than one person moved in, the person with the highest priority was coded. The codes are in order of priority. 300 3.6 1. Head of family; splitoff interview (V12507=1) 59 0.6 2. Wife 381 4.3 3. Child, stepchild 18 0.1 4. Sibling 10 0.2 5. Parent 58 0.3 6. Grandchild, great-grandchild 43 0.4 7. In-laws and other relatives 104 1.6 8. Nonrelative 1 0.0 9. Husband of 1986 Head 6,044 88.9 0. Inap.; no change in family composition (V12510=0); no one moved in (V12511=0) V12513 'NUMBER MOVED OUT 86' TLOC= 21793 Number of Persons Who Moved Out of FU between 1985 and 1986 mean nonzero = 1.3 6,316 90.0 0. Inap.; none; splitoff interview (V12507=1); no change in family composition (V12510=0) 524 8.0 1. One 101 1.2 2. Two 47 0.6 3. Three 19 0.2 4. Four 8 0.0 5. Five 2 0.0 6. Six 7. Seven 32 - RAW DATA 1 0.0 8. Eight 9. Nine or more V12514 'WHO MOVED OUT 86' TLOC= 21794 Relationship to Last Year's Head of Person(s) who Moved Out/Died be- tween 1985 and 1986 If more than one person moved out, the person with the highest priority was coded. The codes are in order of priority. 114 1.8 1. Head of family 78 1.4 2. Wife 340 4.6 3. Child, stepchild 34 0.5 4. Sibling 9 0.1 5. Parent 28 0.3 6. Grandchild, great-grandchild 49 0.6 7. In-law or other relative 50 0.7 8. Nonrelative (including foster child) 9. Husband of 1984 Head 6,316 90.0 0. Inap.; splitoff interview (V12507=1); no change in family composition (V12510=0); no one moved out (V12513=0) V12515 'CURRENT FAM COMP 86' TLOC= 21795 1986 Family Composition 6,277 91.5 1. Head (and immediate family: wife/"wife," husband and/or children, if any) only 555 5.7 2. FU contains other relatives of Head, such as si- blings, in-laws, parents, etc. 186 2.8 3. FU contains people unrelated to Head, such as foster children and friends. V12516 'CURRENT HSEHOLD COMP 86' TLOC= 21796 1986 Household Composition 256 2.9 4. This FU is a primary household containing a second- ary which was interviewed separately. 79 1.2 5. This FU is a primary household containing a second- ary which was neither included in this FU nor inter- viewed separately. 286 3.4 6. This FU is a secondary household contained within a primary which was interviewed separately. 133 1.3 7. This FU is a secondary household contained within a primary which was neither included in this FU nor interviewed separately. 52 0.5 8. This FU is a primary household in the same HU (hous- ing unit) with another primary which was interviewed separately. RAW DATA - 33 125 2.5 9. This FU is a primary household in the same HU (hous- ing unit) with another primary which was neither in- cluded in this FU nor interviewed separately. 6,087 88.1 0. Inap.; this FU does not share the HU with other per- sons V12517 '68 ID# OF HOUSEHOLDER 86' TLOC= 21797-21800 MD=9999 1968 ID Number of Householder Values for this variable in the range 0001-2932 indicate that the 1986 householder was a member of a panel family from the SRC cross-section sample. Values in the range 5001-6872 denote that the householder was a member of a panel family from the Census sample. 9999. NA who is householder 0000. Inap.; householder has never been in study or FU is in institution V12518 'PERS# OF HOUSEHOLDER 86' TLOC= 21801-21803 MD=999 Person Number of Householder Values for this variable in the range 001-227 indicate the actual per- son number of the householder. 999. NA who is householder (V12517=9999) 000. Inap.; householder has never been in study or FU is in institution V12519 'AGE OF HOUSEHOLDER 86' TLOC= 21804-21805 MD=99 Age of Householder This variable represents the actual age (01-97) of the householder. 98. Ninety-eight years old or older 99. NA age; NA who is householder (V12517=9999) 00. Inap.; FU is in institution V12520 'SEX OF HOUSEHOLDER 86' TLOC= 21806 MD=9 Sex of Householder 4,671 66.5 1. Male 1,897 27.3 2. Female 329 5.0 9. NA sex; NA who is householder (V12517=9999) 34 - RAW DATA 121 1.2 0. Inap.; FU is in institution V12521 'REL HHOLDER TO FU HD 86' TLOC= 21807-21808 MD=99 Relationship of Householder to Head of this FU 6,066 87.8 10. Head in 1986; 1985 Head who was mover-out non- response by the time of the 1986 interview 3 0.0 20. Legal wife in 1986; 1985 wife who was mover-out nonresponse by the time of the 1986 interview 4 0.0 22. "Wife"--female cohabitor who has lived with Head for a year or more or who was present in the 1985 family, since consecutive interviews may be taken less or more than twelve months apart; 1985 "wife" who was mover-out nonresponse by the time of the 1986 interview 20 0.2 30. Son or daughter of Head (includes adopted children but not stepchildren) 33. Stepson or stepdaughter of Head (children of legal wife (code 20) who are not children of Head) 35. Son or daughter of "wife" but not Head (includes only those children whose mother's relationship to Head is 22 but who are not Head's children) 13 0.2 37. Son-in-law or daughter-in-law of Head (includes stepchildren-in-law) 38. Foster son or foster daughter, not legally adopted 30 0.2 40. Brother or sister of Head (includes step and half sisters and brothers) 17 0.3 47. Brother-in-law or sister-in-law of Head; i.e., brother or sister of legal wife. 48. Brother or sister of Head's cohabitor (the cohabitor's relationship code=22 or 88) 271 3.3 50. Father or mother of Head (includes stepparents) 26 0.2 57. Father-in-law or mother-in-law of Head (includes parents of legal wives (code 20) only) 7 0.1 58. Father or mother of Head's cohabitor (the cohabitor's relationship code=22 or 88) 60. Grandson or granddaughter of Head (includes only legal wife's (code 20) grandchildren; those of a cohabitor are coded 97) RAW DATA - 35 65. Great-grandson or great-granddaughter of Head (in- cludes only legal wife's (code 20) great- grandchildren; those of a cohabitor are coded 97) 26 0.3 66. Grandfather or grandmother of Head (includes stepgrandparents) 2 0.0 67. Grandfather or grandmother of legal wife (code 20) 68. Greatgrandfather or greatgrandmother of Head 69. Greatgrandfather or greatgrandmother of legal wife (code 20) 1 0.0 70. Nephew or niece of Head 71. Nephew or niece of legal wife (code 20) 13 0.0 72. Uncle or Aunt of Head 73. Uncle or Aunt of legal wife (code 20) 5 0.1 74. Cousin of Head 75. Cousin of legal wife (code 20) 83. Children of first-year cohabitor but not of Head (this child's parent is coded 88) 29 0.4 88. First-year cohabitor of Head 5 0.1 90. Legal husband of Head 1 0.0 95. Other relative of Head 96. Other relative of legal wife (code 20) 2 0.0 97. Other relative of cohabitor (the cohabitor's code=22 or 88) 34 0.5 98. Other nonrelatives (includes homosexual friends, friends of children of the FU, etc.) 324 5.0 99. NA relationship; NA who is householder (V12517=9999) 119 1.2 00. Inap.; FU is in institution V12522 'QUALITY OF MATCH 86' TLOC= 21809 Quality of Match 6,987 99.6 0. Perfect or near perfect match 20 0.2 1. Fair match 36 - RAW DATA 11 0.1 2. Poor match 5. No match V12523 'TYPE INSTITUTION 86' TLOC= 21810 Type of Institution for Entire FU 85 0.9 1. Armed forces, whether living on or off base 29 0.2 2. Prison, jail, penitentiary, etc. 13 0.3 3. Health care facility--hospital, nursing home 2 0.0 4. Educational facility--dormitory, other on-campus housing, etc. 2 0.0 7. Other 9. NA; DK 6,887 98.6 0. Inap.; not in institution V12524 '1986 HOUSE VALUE (A10)' TLOC= 21811-21816 House Value in 1986 (Question A10) % nonzero = 60.1 mean nonzero = 75,463.9 The values for this variable in the range 000001-999998 represent the value of the home in whole dollars; all missing data were assigned. 000000. Inap.; not a home owner (V13023=5 or 8) 999999. $999,999 or more V12525 'ACC 86 HOUSE VALUE ' TLOC= 21817 Accuracy of V12524 (House value) 6,835 97.0 0. Inap.; no assignment; not a home owner (V12524=000000/V13023=5 or 8) 40 0.6 1. Minor assignment 64 1.0 2. Major assignment 79 1.4 3. Complex property, requiring allocation of house value between dwelling and other purposes of building/land. V12526 '1986 REM MORT PRIN (A12)' TLOC= 21818-21823 Remaining Mortgage Principal in 1986 (Question A12) % nonzero = 35.9 mean nonzero = 35,321.7 RAW DATA - 37 The values for this variable in the range 000001-999998 represent the principal currently owed from all mortgages or land contracts on the home in whole dollars; all missing data were assigned. 000000. Inap.; not a home owner (V12524=000000/V13023=5 or 8); no mortgage on home (V13024=5 or 9) 999999. $999,999 or more V12527 'ACC REM MORT PRIN ' TLOC= 21824 Accuracy of V12526 (Remaining mortgage principal) 6,775 97.2 0. Inap.; no assignment; not a home owner (V12524=000000/V13023=5 or 8); no mortgage on home (V12526=000000/V13024=5 or 9) 14 0.1 1. Minor assignment 148 1.2 2. Major assignment 81 1.5 3. Complex property, requiring allocation of house value between dwelling and other purposes of building/land. V12528 '1986 ANN MORT PMNT (A14)' TLOC= 21825-21829 Annual Mortgage Payments (Question A14) % nonzero = 35.9 mean nonzero = 4,823.5 The values for this variable in the range 00001-99998 represent the annualized amount of all current payments on mortgages or land con- tracts in whole dollars; all missing data were assigned. 00000. Inap.; not a home owner (V12524=000000/V13023=5 or 8); no mortgage on home (V12526=000000/ V13024=5 or 9) 99999. $99,999 or more V12529 'ACC ANN MORT PAYMENT ' TLOC= 21830 Accuracy of V12528 (Annual mortgage payments) 6,879 97.9 0. Inap.; no assignment; not a home owner (V12524=000000/V13023=5 or 8); no mortgage on home (V12526=000000/V13024=5 or 9) 9 0.1 1. Minor assignment 48 0.5 2. Major assignment 82 1.5 3. Complex property, requiring allocation of house value between dwelling and income-producing purposes of building/land. V12530 'ANN PROPERTY TAX 86(A18)' TLOC= 21831-21835 38 - RAW DATA Annua